Hydrogenation fatty oils

Nickel also is an important iadustrial catalyst. The most extensive use of nickel as a catalyst is ia the food iadustry ia connection with the hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of organic compounds to produce edible fats and oils (see Fats and FATTY oils). 

Nitrile Intermediates. Most quaternary ammonium compounds are produced from fatty nitriles (qv), which are ia turn made from a natural fat or oil-derived fatty acid and ammonia (qv) (Fig. 2) (see Fats AND FATTY oils) (225). The nitriles are then reduced to the amines. A variety of reduciag agents maybe used (226). Catalytic hydrogenation over a metal catalyst is the method most often used on a commercial scale (227). Formation of secondary and tertiary amine side-products can be hindered by the addition of acetic anhydride (228) or excess ammonia (229). In some cases secondary amines are the desired products. 

A hst of 74 GLS reacdions with hterature references has been compiled by Shah Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactions, McGraw-HiU, 1979), classified into groups where the solid is a reactant, or a catalyst, or inert. A hst of 75 reactions made by Ramachandran and Chaudhari (Three-Phase Chemical Reactors, Gordon and Breach, 1983) identifies reactor types, catalysts, temperature, and pressure. They classify the processes according to hydrogenation of fatty oils, hydrodesulfurization, Fischer-Tropsch reactions, and miscellaneous hydrogenations and oxidations. 

Paint and varnish manufacturing Resin manufacturing closed reaction vessel Varnish cooldng-open or closed vessels Solvent thinning Acrolein, other aldehydes and fatty acids (odors), phthalic anhydride (sublimed) Ketones, fatty acids, formic acids, acetic acid, glycerine, acrolein, other aldehydes, phenols and terpenes from tall oils, hydrogen sulfide, alkyl sulfide, butyl mercaptan, and thiofen (odors) Olefins, branched-chain aromatics and ketones (odors), solvents Exhaust systems with scrubbers and fume burners Exhaust system with scrubbers and fume burners close-fitting hoods required for open kettles Exhaust system with fume burners... 

Some unsaturated compounds are capable of quantitative hydrogenation in a solution of colloidal palladium. It has been found that a hydrogen number corresponding to the iodine number of fatty oils may be ascribed to some ethereal oils. 

The catalytic hydrogenation of fatty oils, the desulfurization of liquid petroleum fractions by catalytic hydrogenation, Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis in slurry reactors, and the manufacture of calcium bisulfite acid are familiar examples of this type of process, for which the term gas-liquid-particle process will be used in the following. 

Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats and fatty oils is one of the oldest heterogeneous catalytic processes of industrial significance, and is carried out exclusively by gas-liquid-particle operation, the vaporization of the fats being impracticable. Stirred-slurry operation is the normal mode of operation, the suspended catalyst being finely divided by Raney nickel (B2). 

Higher molecular primary unbranched or low-branched alcohols are used not only for the synthesis of nonionic but also of anionic surfactants, like fatty alcohol sulfates or ether sulfates. These alcohols are produced by catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of the methyl esters of fatty acids, obtained by a transesterification reaction of fats or fatty oils with methanol or by different procedures, like hydroformylation or the Alfol process, starting from petroleum chemical raw materials. 

Elektrion Also called Volto. A method of increasing the molecular weight, and thus the viscosity, of a mixture of light mineral oil and a fatty oil, by subjecting it to an electric discharge in a hydrogen atmosphere. 

EDIBLE OIL. As commonly used, the term refers to any fatty oil obtained from the flesh or seeds of plants that is used primarily in foodstuffs (margarine, salad dressing, shortening, etc.). Among these are olive, safflower, cottonseed, coconut, peanut, soybean, and com oils, some of which may be hydrogenated to solid form. They vary in degree of... 

In the analysis of fatty oils complete expelling of the oxygen by a catalytic high pressure hydrogenation process reduces the problem to the analysis of saturated hydrocarbon mixtures. Such drastic chemical transformations should be executed under strongly controlled conditions only. 

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