Oil hydrogenation

Glycerides are extensively used as butter and lard substitutes in foods, but they must be modified by hydhogenation before being used. This allows control of the melting point and removes impleasant odors. Table 3.15 lists several important unsatirrated fatty acids and the corresponding saturated derivatives. 

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Fig. 3. Schematic process flow diagram for an imitation cheese product having the following formulation dry ingredients, calcium caseinate (or rennet casein), 24.5 wt % tapioca flour, 3.0 wt % salt, 2.16 wt % adipic acid, 0.6 wt % vitamins and minerals, 0.1 wt % sorbic acid (mold inhibitor), 0.5 wt % fat—color blend, soybean oil hydrogenated to a Wiley melting point of 36°C, 21.3 wt % lactylated monoglycerides, 0.05 wt % red-orange coloring, 0.01 wt...

Paint and varnish manufacturing Resin manufacturing closed reaction vessel Varnish cooldng-open or closed vessels Solvent thinning Acrolein, other aldehydes and fatty acids (odors), phthalic anhydride (sublimed) Ketones, fatty acids, formic acids, acetic acid, glycerine, acrolein, other aldehydes, phenols and terpenes from tall oils, hydrogen sulfide, alkyl sulfide, butyl mercaptan, and thiofen (odors) Olefins, branched-chain aromatics and ketones (odors), solvents Exhaust systems with scrubbers and fume burners Exhaust system with scrubbers and fume burners close-fitting hoods required for open kettles Exhaust system with fume burners... 

Pd(acac)2 has been reported to be an active catalyst in soybean oil hydrogenation [47]. The reactions were conducted in bulk with low catalyst loadings (1-60 ppm) and without any co-catalyst. Under 10 atm H2 pressure and at 80-120 °C, optimum linolenate selectivity and high trans-isomers content were obtained. Decomposition of the catalyst occurred at temperatures above 120 °C. 

You may find the term hydrogenation familiar. Some food products, such as margarine and peanut hutter, contain hydrogenated vegetable oils. Hydrogenation is used in the food industry to convert liquid vegetable oils, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds, to solid fats, such as shortening, which are fully saturated. 

Hydrogenation of vegetable oils Hydrogenation is a two-step process. 

For the 1,4-butanediol production process, we estimate energy consumption during production, amounts of raw materials, naphtha and heavy oil, hydrogen, and oxygen in the same manner as for succinic acid, referring to the literature [10]. For production of raw materials, naphtha and heavy oil, and production of hydrogen and oxygen required, we use data from JEMAl LCA Ver. 1.1.6 [8]. 

The general population is also exposed to nickel in nickel alloys and nickel-plated materials including steel, coins, and jewelry. Residual nickel may be present in soaps, fats, and oils hydrogenated with nickel catalysts (Sunderman 1986). 

Mentholfrom (—)-Fiperitone or Piperitol. (—)-Menthol can also be prepared from (-)-piperitone, the main component of Eucalyptus dives Typus oils. Hydrogenation in the presence of Raney nickel yields a mixture of menthols, from which (—)-menthol can be separated by crystallization and saponification of its chloroacetate. 

In reversible reactions, or when the concentrations of intermediates affect the product distribution (as in edible-oil hydrogenation [9]), mass transfer of the products from the particle to the liquid phase may strongly affect the selectivity. 

Castor Oil, Hydrogenated, Since ricinoleic acid is an unsaturated acid, hydrogen can be added to its... 

Fig. 82. Melting points and iodine values of cottonseed oil, hydrogenated at different temperatures, according to Williams. ...

Note For information on rictnoleic acid, see Vol 2, C87-R to C88-R under Castor Oil, Hydrogenated and Castor Oil, Nitrated Ricinolein Nitrate (or Nitroricinolein). Obtd by nitration of ricinolein and used with NC (1/9 p) as an expl component... 

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