Hydrogen heavy oils

Nedol [New Energy Development Organization liquifaction] A coal liquifaction process in development in Japan by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Tokyo. Crushed coal is mixed with a pyrite catalyst and slurried in a hydrogenated heavy oil. Liquifaction takes place at 450°C, 170 bar. The overall oil yield is 59 percent. 

As in the case of coal, synthetic natural gas can be produced from heavy oil by partially oxidizing the oil to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen... 

Liquefaction. Liquefaction of coal to oil was first accompHshed in 1914. Hydrogen was placed with a paste of coal, heavy oil, and a small amount of iron oxide catalyst at 450° and 20 MPa (200 atm) in stirred autoclaves. This process was developed by the I. G. Earbenindustrie AG to give commercial quaUty gasoline as the principal product. Twelve hydrogenation plants were operated during World War II to make Hquid fuels (see CoAL... 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was involved in 17% of the incidents (see Chapter 8), followed by heavy oils (see Section 12.4), gasoline, hydrogen, and hydrocarbon gases. Heavy oils are involved in so many incidents because they are often handled above their auto-ignition temperature and because they are involved in foamovers. 

To make the hydrochloride salt, the bisacetamide or, by another name, 1,11-diphenyl-2,2,3,9,10,10-hexamethyl-4 3hydroxy ethyl )-3,6,9-triazaundecane is dissolved In n-butanol. The solution is chilled and then dry hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the solution causing an oil to separate. To the heavy oil ether is added and then stirred causing crystallization to occur. MP146°Cto 147°C. Analysis for nitrogen calc. 8.3%, found 8.2%. 

Fuel industry is of increasing importance because of the rapidly growing energy needs worldwide. Many processes in fuel industry, e.g. fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) [1], pyrolysis and hydrogenation of heavy oils [2], Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis [3,4], methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis [5,6], are all carried out in multiphase reactors. The reactors for these processes are very large in scale. Unfortunately, they are complicated in design and their scale-up is very difflcult. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to this field. The above mentioned chemical reactors, in which we are especially involved like deep catalytic pyrolysis and one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether, are focused on in this paper. 

B. 1-Phenylnaphthalene. A mixture of 6 g. (0.18 mole) of powdered sulfur and 35 g. (0.17 mole) of 1-phenyldialin in a 200-ml. Claisen flask having a modified side arm4 is heated for 30 minutes in a metal bath the temperature of which is 250-270° (Note 4). At the end of this time the evolution of hydrogen sulfide will have ceased. The heavy oil (Note 5) is then distilled from the same flask the yield is 32-33 g. (91-94%) the boiling range of the product is 134-135°/2 mm. or 189-190°/12 mm. (Notes 6 and 7). 

One of the most important, and perhaps the best studied, applications of three-phase fluidization is for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process in the liquid phase. In this process, synthesis gas of relatively low hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio (0.6 0.7) is bubbled through a slurry of precipitated catalyst suspended in a heavy oil medium. The F-T synthesis forms saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds ranging from methane to high-melting paraffin waxes (MW > 20,000) via the following two-step reaction ... 

Most industrial hydrogen is manufactured by the following hydrocarbon-based oxidative processes steam reforming of light hydrocarbons (e.g., NG and naphtha), POx of heavy oil fractions, and ATR. Each of these technological approaches has numerous modifications depending on the type of feedstock, reactor design, heat input options, by-product treatment,... 

COIL [Concurrent oil] A process for concurrently hydrogenating coal and heavy oil feedstocks. Developed by Hydrocarbon Research. 

Recent commercial projects use refinery waste or products that no longer have a positive market value, such as petroleum coke (petcoke) or heavy oils. Many of these projects are referred to as trigeneration plants because they produce hydrogen, power, and steam for use within the refinery and... 

Demirbas, A. and Caglar, A. (1998). Catalytic Steam Reforming of Biomass and Heavy Oil Residues to Hydrogen, Energy Edu. Sci. Technol 1. pp. 45-52. 

Catalysts used for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of heavy oil fractions are largely based on alumina-supported molybdenum or tungsten to which cobalt or nickel is added as a promoter [11]. As the catalysts are active in the sulfided state, activation is carried out by treating the oxidic catalyst precursor in a mixture of H2S and H2 (or by exposing the catalyst to the sulfur-containing feed). The function of hydrogen is to prevent the decomposition of the relatively unstable H2S to elemental sulfur, which would otherwise accumulate on the surface of the... 

The catalytic conversion of heavy hydrocarbons, such as heavy oil or sulphurous organic residues, from the oil industry via steam reforming is not feasible because solid carbon starts to be deposited at temperatures above 800 °C, which renders the catalyst inactive in a short period of time and, furthermore, blocks the gas flow in the reactor. Heavy hydrocarbons are, therefore, converted to hydrogen using partial oxidation (POX). Note that in refineries the term gasification is more commonly used partial oxidation is the scientific terminology. 

Since EU Directive 2005/33/EC bans high-sulphur heavy oil (bunker fuel) as fuel on ships from 2010, this source may become relevant as a cheap feedstock for hydrogen production in the future. 

Approximately 30% of total hydrogen production comes from heavy oil and 20% from coal [6]. Lighter liquid hydrocarbons are - after desulfurization - also converted by steam reforming on nickel catalysts. The downstream treatment of syngas is the same as for natural gas. 

Over a three-year period at Rheinau, 1922-1925, Bergius and his assistants tested more than 200 different kinds of coal. Starting from a relatively small scale, they eventually hydrogenated coal in quantities as large as 1,000 kg (1 ton). A typical reaction run contained 100 kg of coal mixed with 40 kg of heavy oil, 5 kg of hydrogen gas, and 5 kg of ferric oxide to remove any sulfur present in the coal. The reaction yielded 20 kg of gas and about 128 kg of oil and solids. Distillation of the oil produced 20 kg of gasoline. (14)... 

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