Hazard analysis characteristics

Complete and accurate written documentation of chemicals properties, process teclinology, and process equipment is essential to the PSM program and to a process hazards analysis (PrHA). This information serves many users including the PrHA team. The needed chemical information includes fire and explosion characteristics, reactivity hazards, safety and health hazards and the corrosion and erosion effects. Current material safety data sheet (MSDS ) information helps meet this requirement, but must be supplemented with process chemistry information regarding runaway reactions, and over-pressure hazards. 

Analyses are types of calculations but may be comparative studies, predictions, and estimations. Examples are stress analysis, reliability analysis, hazard analysis. Analyses are often performed to detect whether the design has any inherent modes of failure and to predict the probability of occurrence. The analyses assist in design improvement and the prevention of failure, hazard, deterioration, and other adverse conditions. Analyses may need to be conducted as the end-use conditions may not be reproducible in the factory. Assumptions may need to be made about the interfaces, the environment, the actions of users, etc. and analysis of such conditions assists in determining characteristics as well as verifying the inherent characteristics. (See also in Part 2 Chapter 14 under Detecting design weaknesses.)... 

The lists of critical items that were described under Identifying controls in Part 2 Chapter 2, together with Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Hazard Analysis, are techniques that aid the identification of characteristics crucial to the safe and proper functioning of the product. 

Careful process hazards analysis may show that a particular vessel need not be designed to withstand a full vacuum (e.g., if the maximum attainable vacuum is limited to the performance characteristics of an exhauster). Whatever the vacuum rating, rated vessels must be periodically inspected to ensure that internal or external corrosion has not diminished the vessel strength. 

Immunometric methods find increasingly wide applications owing to their superiority and continuous improvements. One of the major advantages of immunometric methods is that they provide consumers with early information (prior to food consumption) on possible health hazards (allergenic characteristics) of specific food products. The sensitivity of immunoassays is largely dependent on the type of a compound subject to analysis (up to lOpg/mL of the analyte). 

Analysis of the etiology of the physical injuries from consumer products includes three components determination of the at-risk population (exposure to hazard), mechanism of injury (consequences of hazard), and characteristics of products (mitigation of hazard). 

If a consumer can gain access or become exposed to hazardous product characteristics, the probability of this event must be determined. Probable exposure to the hazard may be determined using injury and fatality data analysis. 

If a consumer is exposed to hazardous product characteristics, the severity level or potential consequence of this exposure must be evaluated. Human factors analysis is conducted to determine the consequences (i.e., potential product-related injuries) based on the foreseeable behaviors consumers will use when interacting with products. Virtual and physical models of the human anatomy are used to effectively diagnose and demonstrate hazardous product characteristics. (In contrast to a physical hazard such as those noted above, physical in this human context relates to the usage of three-dimensional (3D) models of various parts of humans relevant to the exposures associated with use and/or misuse of a product.)... 

Hazard Analysis—The determination of material, system, process, and plant characteristics that can produce undesirable consequences, followed by the assessment of hazardous situations associated with a process or activity. Largely qualitative techniques are used to pinpoint weaknesses in design or operation of the facility that could lead to accidents. The Safety Analysis Report (SAR) hazard analysis examines the complete spectrum of potential accidents that could expose members of the public, on-site woikers, facility workers, and the environment to hazardous materials. 

In addition to the literature on job analysis, there is also a body of work which has focused solely on methods for identifying the hazards and risks associated with a job. As some examples, techniques such as job safety analysis, also referred to as job hazard analysis (Chao and Henshaw 2002), construction job safety analysis (Rozenfeld et al. 2010), and constmction hazard assessment with spatial and temporal exposure (Rosenfeld et al. 2009) have been extensively discussed. These techniques are very useful for safety management, and among other things can be used to generate safety-related information which can be used to determine the essential knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics which are required to perform the job safely. 

There are two different methods for quantifying the seismic hazard - based on deterministic approach and probabilistic approach. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) does not consider the uncertainties involved in the earthquake occm-rence process like the recurrence rate, magnitude uncertainty, attenuation characteristics of seismic waves etc. and gives the worst scenario of ground acceleration. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) incorporates the uncertainties involved in the earthquake occurrence process. Since the uncertainty in earthquake occurrence is fully accounted in this method, this method is being widely followed for the evaluation of seismic hazard. The PSHA method adopted in this study... 

In the past 20 to 30 years the use of probabilistic concepts has allowed uncertainties in the size, location and rate of recurrence of earthquakes and in the variation of ground motion characteristics with earthquake size and location to be explicitly considered in the evaluation of seismic hazards. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) provides aframe-work in which these uncertainties can be identified, quantified, and combined in a rational mannerto provide amore complete picture of seismic hazard. The proper performance of a PSHA requires careful attention to the problems of source characterization and ground motion parameter prediction and to the mechanics of the probability computations. 

Hazard analysis (exposure assessment) the process of determining releases or event probabilities. For landfill leachate, this could include determination of the the routes via which the leachate could reach sensitive receptors (e.g. people, groundwater), and the characteristics of these receptors... 

We note that the approach of section 2 is only appropriate if the geometry is known in advance. For instance, in urban geometries we can in general not assume fiee field propagation. In such a situation it would be more appropriate to use probability distribution functions in terms of characteristic blast sizes and to numerically compute or to estimate the expected overpressures and blast impulses for locations of interest. In this sense piobit functions in terms of the scaled distance incorporate a certain geometry setting and a physical hazard analysis. 

Subsystem hazard analysis (SSHA) As described in NHB 1700.1 (Vl-A) and this document. The SSHA is to identify hazards to personnel, vehicle and other systems caused by loss of function, energy source, hardware failures, personnel action or inaction, software deficiencies, interactions of components within the subsystem, inherent design characteristics such as sharp edges, and incompatible materials, and environmental conditions such as radiation and sand (NSTS 22254). 

The objective of the review of hazard analysis is to determine the adequacy of protection of the nuclear power plant against internal and external hazards with account taken of the actual plant design, actual site characteristics, the actual condition of SSCs and their predicted state at the end of the period covered by the PSR, and current analytical methods, safety standards and knowledge. 

Methods and techniques for measurement, sampling, and analysis Types, sources, and characteristics of hazards, threats, and vulnerabilities Hazard analysis, job safety analysis and task analysis methods Qualitative, quantitative, deductive, and inductive risk assessment methods Risk-based decision-making Risk-based decision-making tools... 

Fusible Link a mechanical release device actiwited by the heat effects of a fire. It usually consist of two pieces of metal joined by a low melting solder. Fusible links are manufactured as various incremental temperature ratings and are subjected to varying normal maximum tension. When installed and the fixed temperature is reached, the solder melts and the two metal parts separate, initiating the desired actions Hazard Analysis the systematic identification of chemical or physical characteristics and/ or processing conditions and/or operating conditions that could lead to undesired events Hazardous Area, Electrical a US classification for an area in which explosive gas/air mixtures are, or may be expected to be, present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction and use of electrical apparatus HAZOP an acronym for Hazard and Operability study, which is a qualitative process risk analysis tool used to identify hazards and evaluate if suitable protective arrangements are in place if the process were not to perform as intended and unexpected consequences were to result... 

Hazard analysis focuses on the study of characteristics of a fire and its impact on humans and property at the set scenario, which includes a set of basic data on room geometry, parameters for the center of the fire, conditions of ventilating apertures, a starting position of people in the building, etc. Here, deterministic mathematical (integrated, zonal or differential) or physical (full-scale or reduced in sizes) fire models are used. Research focuses on quantitative data, environment characteristics of fire and explosion scenarios, its striking action and potential property damage. 

As a result, a functional hierarchy develops in which malfunctions of the lower hierarchy influence the upper functional hierarchy. Similarly, within one horizontal functional level there are reciprocal influences. This is why a hierarchical function stmcturing is recommended before a hazard and risk analysis, in order to be able to describe potential malfunctions. Any changes of the functional architecture, their implemented environment and of course their characteristics, could lead to new or other malfunctions and consequently change the result of the Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment. This is a further indication why in many industries the word preliminary is attributed to this analysis or mentioned in its name. 

As a consequence we need a detailed analysis also of the intended functions similar to the malfunctions as part of the Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment. Different to the malfunctions which are assessed by the parameter S, E and C, the critical characteristics of the intended function need to be iteratively modified unless they could be considered as sufficient risk-free or safe. In case of a verification of the Item Definition, the safe intended function could be analyzed and confirmed. If the intended function itself is safety related like Steering and braking , legal requirements like ECE R13 (or FMVSS 135) or R79 (or FMVSS 203,204) give binding requirements for their homologation. Especially in ECE R13 requirements for the entire brake system (it is the ITEM) and its degree of... 

In France, the reference law for seismic hazard studies is the RFS 2001-01. It provides the details describing the methodology specifically for seismic hazard analysis. The RFS 2001-01 is based on the deterministic approach, the most commonly used methodology in the seventies and eighties. The rule is based on a definition of the characteristics of Maximum Historically Probable Earthquakes considered to be the most penalizing earthquakes liable to occur over a period comparable to the historical period, or about 1,000 years. Secondly, it defines the Safe Shutdown Earthquakes . In the last few years the probabilistic approach has been used and accepted for the reevaluations of the seismic hazard of existing sites. 

---