Focus of research

As of this writing, the primary focus of research and development in PEFC technology is a fuel-ceU system for terrestrial transportation appHcations... 

Propylene-Based Routes. The strong acid-catalyzed carbonylation of propylene [115-07-1] to isobutyric acid (Koch reaction) followed by oxidative dehydration to methacrylic acid has been extensively studied since the 1960s. The principal side reaction in the Koch reaction is the formation of oligomers of propylene. Increasing yields of methacrylic acid in the oxydehydration step is the current focus of research. Isobutyric acid may also be obtained via the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde, which is available from the hydroformylation of propylene. The -butyraldehyde isomer that is formed in the hydroformylation must be separated. 

The kinetics of diffusion-controlled phase transformations has long been a focus of research and it is vital information for industrial practice as well as being a fascinating theme in fundamental physical metallurgy. An early overview of the subject is by Aaronson et ai (1978). 

ADMET of av j-dicncs has been a focus of research in the Wagener laboratories for many years now, where we have studied this chemistry to explore its viability in synthesizing polymers possessing both precisely designed microstructures as well as a variety of functionalities. The requirements for this reaction, such as steric and electronic factors, functionalities allowed, appropriate choice of catalyst, and necessary length or structure of the diene, have been examined.3,12-14 A detailed discussion will be presented later in this chapter with a brief synopsis of general rules for successful ADMET polymerization presented here. 

Several books have recently been published on the subject of CVD, each dealing with a specific aspect of the technology, such as CVD for microelectronics or metallo-organic CVD. With many of his colleagues, the author has felt the need for a general, systematic, objective, and balanced review solely devoted to CVD, which would cover all its scientific, engineering, and applications aspects, coordinate the divergent trends found today in the CVD business, promote interaction and sharpen the focus of research and development. 

Later on, this concept was extended to precursors containing both elements of the desired material already connected by a chemical bond in a single molecule. Such precursors are mainly referred to as single source precursors. Their potential application for the deposition of thin films of the corresponding binary materials by MOCVD processes could be demonstrated. In particular Lewis acid-base adducts R3M—ER3 and four- and six-membered heterocycles [R2MER x (Fig- 1) have been in the focus of research groups both in industry and university. Consequently, the development of powerful synthetic pathways for the preparation of such precursors has been forced. 

This outcome was consistent with a hypothesis that structural deterioration could have been a byproduct of microorganism activity. The higher lipid content in the poorly preserved tissue suggests that those lipids are primarily extrinsic, that is, that they were produced by bacteria and/or fungi. As the food source for such microorganisms, the protein within the bone may have been substantially altered in concert with the microstructure deterioration. The quantification of the changes to the organic fraction became our next focus of research. 

The focus of research on very mixed"-metal clusters has been on their synthesis and structure, and the limited physical measurements of these clusters have thus far been largely restricted to fluxionality and electrochemical investigations. Studies of ligand fluxionality are summarized in Section 111.A. and reports of electrochemical investigations are reviewed in Section Ill.B. The few reports of the magnetic behavior of these clusters are discussed in Section lll.C. 1., and theoretical studies are summarized in Section I1I.C.2. 

Abstract Zirconocenes have been used for a long time in the field of olefin polymerization using MAO as cocatalyst. The equivalent hafnocenes were seldom used due to a lack of productivity while using MAO activation. In the last few years borane and borate activation has come into the focus of research for olefin polymerization. A variety of different hafnocenes were used to investigate the polymerization mechanism and the different cocatalysts. 

In the early stages of the metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerizations the focus of research lay on C2- and CY-symmetric complexes [3, 12, 13], Since the beginning of the 1990s C,-symmetric catalysts have had more and more impact. The reason is... 

In summary, new brominated flame retardants have essentially met the challenge for thermoplastics that do not meet current requirements (e.g. a V-0 rating) without additives. More stringent flammability requirements for advanced materials and applications, coupled with improved test methodology (e.g. lOa-b) may shift the focus of research to other approaches. 

Upregulation of the cyclic AMP pathway is one mechanism underlying opiate addiction. The mechanisms by which opiates induce tolerance, dependence and withdrawal in specific target neurons has been a major focus of research for many years. The inability to account for prominent aspects of opiate addiction solely on the basis of alterations in endogenous opioid peptides or in opiate receptors has shifted attention to postreceptor mechanisms [66]. 

Production planning in the chemical industry with processes, variable utilization, comprehensive recipes and multiple input and output products has been in the focus of research in the last years specifically optimization of production schedules and change-overs across resources... 

As it can be seen, the investigations of heterogeneous chiral catalysts started in the late 1950s in Japan and has known a worldwide renaissance in the last few years. Because of a multitude of catalysts discovered and developed in the recent years, combinatorial methods have become an important focus of research in asymmetric catalysis [168,169], In the last few years, efficient techniques have been developed for the high throughput parallel screening of chiral catalysts [170-172], However, parallel screening based on product analysis has potential pitfalls, since the e.s. of a... 

The chemical ecology of phytoplankton has been a major new focus of research over the past decade. Chapter 9 was originally intended as a detailed review of this field but unfortunately, for reasons both understandable and unforeseeable, the author was unable to complete it. Fortunately, most individual aspects of the field have been reviewed in a number of recent publications and I am very grateful to Professor Pohnert, himself the author of several of those reviews, for preparing this relatively short chapter that reviews these reviews and that can serve the reader as a unifying introduction into this literature. 

Molybdenum isotope variations appear to be on the order of 3.5%o in Mo/ Mo ratios, where the largest fractionation is seen between aqueous Mo in seawater and that incorporated in Fe-Mn crusts and nodules on the seafloor (Chapter 12 Anbar 2004). This isotopic contrast is interpreted to reflect fractionation by Mo sorption to Mn oxide-rich sediments relative to aqueous Mo. The 5 Mo values for euxinic sediments in turn are distinct from those of Fe-Mn crusts, highlighting the isotopic contrasts between major repositories of Mo in surface and near-surface environments. As discussed by Anbar (2004) in Chapter 12, a major focus of research on Mo isotopes has been the potential use as a paleoredox indicator in marine systems. 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning continues to be a significant problem in the U.S. and throughout the world, and is a focus of research at the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. 

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