Determining characteristics

On one hand, inherent flaws or perturbations in a fracturing body, which are the sites of internal fracture nucleation, have been recognized as important in determining characteristic fracture spacing and, consequently, the nominal fragment size in a fracture event. Theoretical work based on a physical description of these material imperfections has been actively pursued (Curran et al., 1977 Grady and Kipp, 1980). 

Determine characteristics of the sources and methods for calculation of local loads. 

Analyses are types of calculations but may be comparative studies, predictions, and estimations. Examples are stress analysis, reliability analysis, hazard analysis. Analyses are often performed to detect whether the design has any inherent modes of failure and to predict the probability of occurrence. The analyses assist in design improvement and the prevention of failure, hazard, deterioration, and other adverse conditions. Analyses may need to be conducted as the end-use conditions may not be reproducible in the factory. Assumptions may need to be made about the interfaces, the environment, the actions of users, etc. and analysis of such conditions assists in determining characteristics as well as verifying the inherent characteristics. (See also in Part 2 Chapter 14 under Detecting design weaknesses.)... 

Conventional IRMS requires relatively large sample volumes in a purified gaseous form. Recently, an on-line GC-IRMS system has been developed which combines the high purification effect of GC with the utmost precision of IRMS. Sometimes this system may not be Sufficient to determine characteristic minor components from complex matrices, and therefore MDGC-IRMS systems have been developed for the analysis of complex plant extracts and flavour components (25-27). 

A typical plot of efficiency versus particle diameter is shown in Fig. 12-8. This is called a grade efficiency curve. Although the efficiency varies with the particle size, a more easily determined characteristic is the cut diameter (d50), the particle size that is collected with 50% efficiency. 

A confined explosion occurs in a confined space, such as a vessel or a building. The two most common confined explosion scenarios involve explosive vapors and explosive dusts. Empirical studies have shown that the nature of the explosion is a function of several experimentally determined characteristics. These characteristics depend on the explosive material used and include flammability or explosive limits, the rate of pressure rise after the flammable mixture is ignited, and the maximum pressure after ignition. These characteristics are determined using two similar laboratory devices, shown in Figures 6-14 and 6-17. 

In the quantitative development in Section 24.4 below, we assume the flow to be ideal, but more elaborate models are available for nonideal flow (Chapter 19 see also Kastanek et al., 1993, Chapter 5). Examples of types of tower reactors are illustrated schematically in Figure 24.1, and are discussed more fully below. An important consideration for the efficiency of gas-liquid contact is whether one phase (gas or liquid) is dispersed in the other as a continuous phase, or whether both phases are continuous. This is related to, and may be determined by, features of the overall reaction kinetics, such as rate-determining characteristics of mass transfer and intrinsic reaction. 

These parameters need to be considered for reactions that go towards the intended completion as well as for possible upsets (see section C). Measuring methodologies for determining characteristic material property values (Stoffkenngrofcen), e.g., differential thermal analysis ("DTA"), calorimetry, and adiabatic experiments, and their possible use and applications are given in the literature /1, 2, 3, 41. 

Because of their non-metabolism or insignificant contribution to the calorie content of a diet, intense sweeteners seem to be an ideal means to lower calorie intake in sweet-tasting foods and beverages. Such a simple approach, however, would not take into consideration that function and properties of bulk sweeteners determine characteristics of many sweet-tasting products, e.g. texture, appearance and shelf stability amongst others.3... 

The accumulated determinative characteristics of the doubtful mineral so far as made out by the various workers are then as follows ... 

Tafel constants 3 In i/r)T) may give rds, particularly for hydrogen evolution Gives AHok. Eliminates rds s with significantly higher AW0X s Identifies and determines characteristics of films... 

The order of a reaction cannot in general be predicted from the chemical equation a rate law is an empirical law. That is, a rate law is an experimentally determined characteristic of the reaction and cannot in general be written down from the stoichiometry of the chemical equation for the reaction. For instance, both the decomposition of N205 and that of N02 have a stoichiometric coefficient of 2 for the reactant, but one reaction is first order and the other is second order. The decomposition of ammonia also has a stoichiometric coefficient of 2 for the reactant, but its rate law is zero order. 

Things are quite different in a detonation wave. In this case we have a completely determined characteristic time—the duration of the chemical reaction in combination with a particular linear velocity of detonation propagation we obtain the zone width of the chemical reaction, which can no longer (as in the case of a shock wave) vary with changes in the heat conduction. The chemical reaction cannot occur in the time of a single collision many collisions of the molecules with one another will be required, and the zone width will be extended to a length many times the mean free path. 

As described in several chapters of the present book [1,7], the application of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) methods is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical industry. A PK model typically predicts the availability of a drug in the blood and interstitial spaces at different times after the drug has been administered. The model is used to determine characteristic parameters of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes from experimentally observed time courses, or the model follows the rates of formation and removal of various metabolites. PD models describe the effects of the drug (and its metabolites) as a function of time, again based on statistical fits to experimental results. 

A particular product (commodity) (material) must become the subject of money, which exists as the attribute of every exchange value. The subject in which this symbol is represented is not a matter of indifference, since the demands placed on the representing subject are contained in the conditions - conceptual determinations, characteristic relations - of that which is to be represented. The study of the precious metals as subjects of the money relations, as incarnations of the latter, is therefore by no means a matter lying outside the realm of political economy, as Proudhon believes, any more than the physical composition of paint, and of marble, lie outside the realm of painting and sculpture.27... 

A biomarker or biological marker is generally defined as an objectively determined characteristic, which is utilized in the assessment of normal biological processes, pathogenic events, and/or pharmacologic responses to a... 

The techniques of sample preparation and sample drying influence the pore size distribution, the total pore volume, the median and the bulk density as well as the uncertainty of the determined characteristics. 

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