Safety management

As with any management discipline Safety Management can be categorized into two areas  

It makes sense to carry out the safety tasks according to an established procedural framework, which together with the corresponding management organization (hierarchy with clear responsibilities) constitutes a safety management system (cf. [7]). The demonstration that such a safety management system has been implemented is required by the Major Accident Ordinance [8]. 

The central issue of the safety management system is the binding definition of the safety procedures in the company. Among them figure the definition of competences and responsibilities as well as a framework for solving safety problems. Furthermore, the documentation of procedures and results is of importance. Last but not least it must be ensured that the experience gained is used to improve the safety management. 

It has proved an advantage that the safety management system encompasses the aspects of process and plant safety, occupational safety and protection of the environment this is the holistic approach (cf. [7]). 

Since plants and processes undergo modifications during their lifetime, a procedure for dealing with modifications has to be established. The modifications and the accompanying safety analyses have to be documented ( management of change ). 

Safety activities should be carried out observing the so-called Deming cycle Plan, Do, Check, Act . 

production managers of all chemical industries make efiforts to run their units safely and without any environmental pollution. Quality control and plant efiiciency are very important and they look into these also. 

The lack of supervision on the night shift and the lack of sufficient guarding were offences under the Ontario OSH legislation. 

There are maity processes and tools used in safety management. Most of the processes used to manage safety aim to ehminate or control costs and the exposure of people to harm. 

When we look at individual processes used in safety management, it becomes very clear that each process is hnked and is usually not used in isolation. Two common forms of safety management include  

However, before we look more closely at the two safety management processes, it is important to consider that both risk management and loss control are linked by controlling or managing hazards within the workplace. 

When a hazard is present, the possibility of adverse effects exists. A hazard m be  

Applied Operational Excellence for the Oil, Gas, and Process Industries. http //dx.dol.or l0.1016/B978-0 12 027 2.00002-6 

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The UK government enquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster in the North Sea in 1988 has had a significant impact on working practices and equipment and has helped to improve offshore safety around the world. One result has been the development of a Safety Management System (SMS) which is a method of integrating work practices, and is a form of quality management system. Major oil companies have each developed their own specific SMS, to suit local environments and modes of operation, but the SMS typically addresses the following areas (recommended by the Cullen Enquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster) ... 

The positive results and savings due to use of NDT and TD are hundred times grater than made investments. This is the main reason why the philosophy of safety management was changed, i.e. from the philosophy to react and correcf to the principle to predict and reduce the losses . The use of NDT and TD allows to foresee the results of economic-technical activity, to make mostly efficient decisions, to reduce the risks, to simulate mutual processes relations in technogenic, ecological and social-economical fields. 

Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals... 

One of the six elements of Responsible Care is the Codes of Management Practice, and one of the codes is the Process Safety Code of Management Practices (34). This code emphasi2es management commitment and accountabiUty, information sharing, and community relations, but also includes 11 of the 14 specific elements of the legislated process safety management standards developed later. 

Protection of Employees. In 1986, shortly after the Bhopal disaster, OSHA contracted to develop a federal standard on process ha2ards management. A proposed standard was issued in 1990, and the Process Safety Management of Highly Ha2ardous Chemicals standard was issued and implemented in 1992 (36). 

Investigating Chemical Process Incidents Auditing Process Safety Management Systems Making Acute Risk Decisions... 

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Tide 29, Subtitie B, Chapt. XVII, Part 1910, Subpart H, Paragraph 119, of the Code ofFederal Regulations (29 CER 1910.119), FederalRegisterhl >()) 6403, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Feb. 24, 1992). 

Guidelinesfor Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1989 Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1993. 

Accidental Release Provisions. The 1990 CAAA includes provisions similar to OSHA s process safety management standard for minimi2ing the accidental release of air toxics. Based on types and quantities of ha2ardous chemicals on-site, a faciUty is required to develop and implement... 

Unless some discipline is imposed, engineering personnel, especially where contractors are involved, will define far more alarms than plant operations require. This situation may be addressed by simply setting the alarm hmits to values such that the alarms never occur. However, changes in alarms and alarm hmits are changes from the perspec tive of the Process Safety Management regulations. It is prudent to impose the necessary discipline to avoid an excessive number of alarms. Potential guidelines are as follows ... 

The regulatoiy environment will continue to change. As of this writing, the key regulatory instrument is OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 that pertains to process safety management within plants in which certain chemicals are present. 

Government regulations reqmre hazard and risk analysis as part of process safety management (PSM) programs. These are part of the process safety programs of many chemical process facilities. 

Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) (Dowell, 1994, pp. 30-34.) The OSHA rule for Process Safety Management (PSM) of Highly Toxic Hazardous Chemicals, 29 CFR 1910.119, part (e), reqmres an initial PHA and an update every five years for processes that handle listed chemicals or contain over 10,000 lb (4356 kg) of flammable material. The PHA must be done by a team, must include employees such as operators and mechanics, and must have at least one person skilled in the methodology employed. Suggested methodologies from Process Safety Management are listed in Table 26-1. 

TABLE 26-1 Process Hazard Analysis Methods Listed in the OSHA Process Safety Management Rule... 

The key steps in the audit process are outlined according to preaudit ac tivities, audit activities, and postaudit activities in Fig. 26-12. These activities are described in detail in Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems (CCSP, 1993) and will be only briefly discussed in this sec tion. 

FIG. 26-12 Typical steps in the process safety management audit process. (CCSP, 1993, by peimission of AlChE. )... 

The next process step evaluates the process safety management systems to determine if they are adequate to achieve the desired results, and if they are used as intended. This evaluation is highly subjective on the auditors part. This step sets the stage for the rest of the audit, guiding the auditor s information gathering and focusing attention on critical areas. 

Use Process Safety Management techniques to minimize the risk to people, and the environment... 

Drake, E. M. and C. W. Thurston. 1992. A Safety Evaluation Eramework for Process Hazards Management in Chemical Eacilities with PES-Based Controls. Process Safety Management Paper 73d. AlChL 1992 Summer National Meeting, August 1992, Minneapolis, MN. 

Van der Schaaf, T.W. 1996. PRISMA A Risk Management Tool Based on Incident Analysis, International Conference and Workshop on Process Safety Management and Inherently Safer Processes, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. 

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals (PSM) OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119... 

It is incumbent upon the toller to develop and follow internal management systems as appropriate to support business needs, production needs, process safety, environmental responsibility, and worker health. The selection process should have considered whether or not satisfactory systems are in place. Nevertheless, the contract or auxiliary documents may be the vehicle used to help ensure that the system reviewed is the system actually used for completing the toll in question. Within the process safety management system, the management of change and training elements are essential subsystems. 

Though occasionally a time consuming exercise, a well-performed PHA can be a source of satisfaction and may be required by the OS HA Process Safety Management Standard or the EPA Risk Management Program Rule. It is important members actively participate and lively interaction is promoted during the sessions. 

Trade Secrets When a toll involves proprietary information, a system must exist to ensure that employees have the process safety related knowledge needed to meet the intent of the process safety management system. 

Are materials subject to the requirements of the OSHA Process Safety Management Rule (29 CFR 1910.119) or the EPA Risk Management Program Rule (40 CFR 68) ... 

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