Food consumption

Nearly half of the U.S. domestic food consumption of peanuts in 1993 was as peanut butter salted peanuts, at 27.3%, and peanut candy, at 23.9% made up the other half (137). Although the per capita domestic peanut consumption in the United States has increased steadily, the consumption in recent years has not kept pace with production. Domestic food use of peanuts has been confined almost entirely to roasted peanuts. A number of investigations and developmental efforts are being made to extend the use of nonroasted peanut products such as flour and meal flakes. As of the mid-1990s, market outlets for these latter products are neither sizable nor firmly established. The food-use patterns emphasize the uniqueness and demand for products having a distinct roasted-peanut flavor. The development of the desired flavor as well as the storage stability of such flavor in peanut-food products are therefore important. 

The Modeling Engine in THERdbASE has the following model groups 1) Population Distributions, 2) Location/Activity Patterns, 3) Food Consumption Patterns, 4) Agent Releases Characteristics, 5) Microenvironment Agent Concentrations, 6) Macroenvironment Agent Concentrations, 7) Exposure Patterns and Scenarios, 8) Dose Patterns, and 9) Risk Assessment. 

Possibly the most serious nutrition problem in the United States is excessive food consumption, and many people have experimented with fad diets in the hope of losing excess weight. One of the most popular of the fad diets has been the high-protein, high-fat (low-carbohydrate) diet. The premise for such diets is tantalizing because the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (see Chapter 20) is the primary site of fat metabolism, and because glucose is usually needed to replenish intermediates in the TCA cycle, if carbohydrates are restricted in the diet, dietary fat should merely be converted to ketone bodies and excreted. This so-called diet appears to work at first because a low-carbohydrate diet results in an initial water (and weight) loss. This occurs because... 

A one-year toxicity study on rats (oral) did show a somewhat lowered weight increase combined with a reduced food consumption, but only for the... 

A study on Wistar rats by Farr et al. (2001) showed no maternal toxicity at doses up to 5 mg/kg body weight for dibutyltin dichloride signs of maternal toxicity — reduced body weight gain, decreased food consumption, and thymus weight — were observed at 10 mg/kg body weight. No teratogenic effects were seen at 10 mg/kg... 

Male and female rats exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day methyl parathion in the diet for 2 years had statistically significant reduced body weights when compared to vehicle controls (Suba 1984). This effect was not consistent throughout the study and did not occur in rats exposed to either 0.025 or 0.25 mg/kg/day methyl parathion. Mean food consumption values were significantly elevated in male rats but only within the first 13 weeks of the 2-year exposure to 2.5 mg/kg/day methyl parathion (Suba 1984). Females exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day methyl parathion had significantly reduced food intake values during the first 2 weeks of exposure, but intake was significantly elevated from week 3 to termination. Effects on food... 

Was a conversion factor used from ppm in food or water to a mg/bodv weight dose Yes. A chronic food factor of 0.05 kg feed/kg body weight/day for rats was used to convert from ppm in food to mg/kg as follows 0.5 ppm x 0.05 = 0.025 mg/kg/day. (Data regarding body weight and food consumption were not available.) This is the food factor used in the original MRL derivation. 

Yes, 0.18 mg/kg/day was calculated by multiplying the dietary level of 3 ppm (3 mg endosulfan/kg diet) by food factors of 0.067 and 0.06 kg food/kg body weight/day for males and females, respectively, derived from food consumption and body weight data provided in the study. The female food factor (0.06 kg food/kg body weight/day) was used because this yielded the most conservative dose estimate. 

Food Consumption, and Pericardial Fluid Volume Treated with Chlorodioxins... 

In a second more extensive study, Capronor was implanted in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Clinical chemistry observations, physical examinations, qualitative food consumption, urinalysis, and oph-... 

Globally, undernutrition is widespread, leading to impaired growth, defective immune systems, and reduced work capacity. By contrast, in developed countries, there is often excessive food consumption (especially of fat), leading to obesity and to the development of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer. Deficiencies of vitamin A, iron, and iodine pose major health concerns in many countries, and deficiencies of other vitamins and minerals are a major cause of iU health. In developed countries, nutrient deficiency is rare, though there are vulnerable sections of the population at risk. Intakes of minerals and vitamins that are adequate to prevent deficiency may be inadequate to promote optimum health and longevity. 

LAMBE j (2002) The use of food consumption data in assessments of exposure to food chemicals using the application of probabilistic modelling. Proc Nutrn Soc. 61 11-18. 

ROE F J c, LEE P N, CONYBEARE G, et al, (1995) The Biosure Study influence of composition of diet and food consumption on longevity, degenerative diseases and neoplasia in Wistar rats studied for up to 30 months post weaning. Food Chemicals Toxicol. 33 Suppl 1 IS-IOOS. 

Cohort study data on population dietary exposure, dietary data from case-control studies and food consumption surveys... 

In this phase of the risk assessment, the validity and reliability of conclusions and advice to risk managers depend on the quality, reliability, and relevance of available exposure data. Therefore it is necessary to (1) critically review the facts from food composition tables and the reasons for differences reported by and within countries, (2) consider the way foods are categorized and thus made comparable (or not) in food consumption surveys, and (3) explore how to refine assessments as more information becomes available. ... 

Fig. 6.2 Plot of6675 foods from the USDA Database for Food Consumption Survey (USDA 1989-91)...

USDA (1989-91) Nutrient Data Base for Food Consumption Surveys, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Survey Systems/Food Consumption Laboratory, Beltsville MD, USA. 

When MRLs are set under Japanese law, the Japanese authorities will consider the Codex MRLs for international harmonization. However, Japan has set original food consumption amounts and GAPs. In this respect, the Japanese regulatory agency retains the rights to establish original values for the MRLs for each commodity based on toxicological exposure assessment. 

A person s metabolic rate is the primary determinant of energy expenditure. Metabolic rate is enhanced following food consumption and directly related to the amount and type.16 Physical inactivity may predispose an individual to overweight... 

Byrom J, Robinson C, Simmonds JR et al. 1995. Food consumption rates for use in generalized radiological dose assessments. J Radiol Prot 15 (4) 335-341. 

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