Physical injuries

Transient effects are those where there is repair of toxic physical injury or the reversal of induced biochemical aberrations. 

HDetect Financial Risks. In addition to physical injuries, a company may be injured by the perception of injury that result in law suits, drop in stock price, and reduction in sales. A detailed analysis (2) will as.scss vulnerability but it docs not directly address the perception factor. A case in point is TMI-2 which complied with 10 CFRIOO, had no injuries and no deaths, but the company was driven to near-bankruptcy. Similarly with Bhopal and Union Carbide, although there were deaths. ... 

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

Prior to administering antidotes or other drugs, ensure that the signs and symptoms (e.g., coma, seizures, etc.) are due to chemical exposure and not the result of head trauma or other physical injury. 

Many of the morphological and biochemical changes that occur in cells that die by necrosis are very different from those that occur in apoptosis. During necrosis cells swell, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum lose their structure and become dysfunctional and the nuclear membrane becomes disrupted (Fig. 35-1). Necrotic death is independent of premitochondrial apoptotic proteins such as Bax, cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Necrosis is further distinguished from apoptosis by the fact that necrosis usually occurs as the result of a traumatic physical injury or stroke and cells die en masse, whereas apoptosis typically occurs in individual cells within a population of surviving neighbors. 

Choking Agents Substances that cause physical injury to the lungs by exposure through inhalation. Death results through lack of oxygen. 

What associations can there be between falls in old age and drugs During the last decades, a number of scientific studies have been performed to examine if there are associations or not (Blalock et al. 2005, Leipzig et al. 1999a,b). Several of these studies have shown that many different kinds of drugs increase the numbers of falls and especially in people 65 years or older. These falls can lead to both physical injuries and mental health problems in elderly with consequences for a long time afterwards. 

Inflammation is a local and early response of a tissue to a noxious stimulus, such as physical injury or infection. It results in an increase in the number of immune cells in the area of damage or infection which kill pathogens, remove damaged or dead cells and initiate the healing process. The well-known characteristics of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain. Redness is due to increased blood flow to the damaged area caused by vasodilation of small arterioles, which facilitates an increase in the number of immune cells in the damaged area and facilitates provision... 

Inflammation is characterized by the orderly occurrence of several processes initiation of the event by a foreign substance or physical injury, recruitment and chemoattraction of inflammatory cells, and activation of these cells to release inflammatory mediators capable of damaging or killing an invading microbe or tumor. In some instances, the inflammatory response is initiated by an otherwise harmless foreign material (e.g., pollen). Inflammation can also result from an autoimmune response to the host s own tissue, as occurs in rheumatoid arthritis. 

In health, aggression is appropriate, as dictated by biological necessity (self-defense) or sanctioned by society (warfare). Aggression does not always result in injury. In sharp contrast, violence, an aggression subtype, is deliberate, unwarranted, avoidable, and leads to physical injury (Filley et ah, 2001). 

External source (destructive physical injury e.g., motor vehicle accident) Internal source (effects of high blood pressure on arterial walls)... 

The term shock when used in medicine relates to an acute state of general weakness and the restriction of many vital functions. Patients in shock are generally apathetic, their face is sunken and their expression is full of anxiety skin is moist, cold and gray, pulse is rapid and faint, blood pressure is normally low, musculature is lax and superficial blood vessels are empty respiration is superficial, basal metabolism is reduced and urine formation is considerably slower. Shock may be triggered by a variety of causes severe physical injury with excessive loss of blood, surgery or severe psychic trauma in predisposed persons it may also arise as a reaction to exogenous substances such as antibiotics or bee poison. 

The detection of viral specific Ab in milk serum is very important since the use of milk serum for the analysis rather than blood avoids physical injuries to the animals and extends the potential of the analytical method. We examined 15 samples of milk from RID-positive cows in the blood serum of which the titer of the viral specific Ab was 1 64—1 256. Simultaneously 10 samples of the milk from RID-negative cows... 

This safety audit is used for identifying inputs and material flows, processes and intermediates, and final products - but with special attention paid to human-material/process/equipment interactions that could result in (a) sudden and accidental releases/spills, (b) mechanical failure-based injuries, and (c) physical injuries - cuts, abrasions, and so on, as well as ergonomic hazards. Additional sources of adverse effects/safety problem areas are records/ knowledge of in-plant accidents/near misses, equipment failures, customer complaints, inadequate secondary prevention/safety procedures and equipment (including components that can be rendered non-operable upon unanticipated events), and inadequacies in suppliers of material and equipment or maintenance services. 

Numerous catechols and hydroquinones in both glycoside-masked and -unmasked forms are useful metabolites in plant chemical defense. Many such metabolites are present in concentrations that can prove detrimental due to oxygenation of the tissue accompanying wounding of the plant in the infection process or in other direct physical injury. Some agents are also synthesized subsequent to enzyme induction in association with infection to mediate chemical defense, as in the broad class of defensive substances known as phytoalexins.12 Some of these induced substances are oxidizable polyphenols, while others are not (Figure 8.1). 

For the year 1986, Dow Chemical U.S.A. experienced 217 OSHA recordable incidents (those involving physical injury which require medical care beyond first aid or work restrictions including lost time) which were classified as follows. 

Osteopathy was devised in 1874 by Andrew Taylor Still (1828-1917). His philosophy was that structure governs function, a belief that remains one of the basic principles of modem osteopathy. He claimed that tension in muscles and misaligned bones places unnecessary strain on the body as a whole. The initial strain can be caused by any number of factors, such as physical injury, or habitual poor posture, or by destructive emotions such as anxiety and fear. Adjusting the framework of the body would relieve that strain and enable all the systems to run smoothly so that the body would heal itself. Osteopathy is a manipulative therapy that works the body s structures (the skeleton, muscles, ligaments, and connective tissue) to relieve pain, improve mobility, and restore all-round health (Thomas, 1997 and General References). 

Benzodiazepine and azapirone derivatives are widely used drugs in this class, and most are metabolized extensively by enzymes of the CYP3A family, except oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam, which are mostly glucuronidated (52). Again, several studies have shown that inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A can markedly alter plasma concentrations of many of these drugs, but in only a few cases have toxic effects, such as deep unconsciousness, been reported (19,52,53). Nonetheless, patients on these drugs should probably be monitored carefully, particularly the elderly, who may suffer severe physical injury as a result of falls from impairment of psychomotor function. 

Inflammation—a state of tissue resulting from a protective tissue response to a chemical (but also mediators produced by sensitized adipose cells in response to allergen), physical injury, infection, or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissues. The classical inflammation is manifested by pain, redness, swelling, heat, and functional disorders. 

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