Design characteristics

Miscellaneous Effects. Depending on individual design characteristics, there are other miscellaneous effects to consider in the determination of the final sizing of a heat exchanger. These include effects of flow maldistribution of both the sheUside and tubeside fluids, stagnant or inactive regions in the tube bundle, and inactive length of the tube in tubesheets. These effects should be individuaUy assessed and appropriate additional areas should be provided. 

Distributors in industrial units typically have large numbers of injection points of quite diverse design characteristics, some of which are depicted in Eigure 16 for fluidized-bed appHcations. Flow variations through these parallel paths can lead to poor flow distributions within a reactor, thus reducing product yields and selectivity. In some circumstances, undesirable side products can foul portions of the distributor and further upset flow patterns. Where this is important, or where the possibiHties and consequences are insufficiently understood and independent means caimot be employed to assure adequate distribution, the pilot plant must be sized to accommodate such a distributor. Spacing should be comparable to those distributors that are anticipated to be... 

Upon the advent of high performance jet-powered aircraft, the fire bomb became obsolete. When deUvered at speeds approaching Mach one (345 m/s), the design characteristics were often grossly exceeded and many units broke up or functioned while stiU on the aircraft. DeHvery from high altitude created craters and deposited most of the flame agent payload in those craters. 

Most ethylene plants operate continuously with the expanders operating at or near design conditions. If necessary, due to their unique design characteristics, radial inflow turboexpanders can accommodate a wide range of process conditions without significant losses in thermal or mechanical efficiency. Expanders may be loaded with booster compressors, gear-coupled generators, dynamometers, or other in-plant mechanical equipment such as pumps. In ethylene plants, turboexpanders are typically used in eitlier post-boost or pre-boost applications. 

Assess the acceptability of a design characteristic against the likely failure severity... 

Phase 3 - Process Planning. The important design characteristics from Phase 2 are ranked with key process operations, where quantification yields actions to improve the understanding of the processes involved and gain the necessary expertise early on. The critical process operations highlighted are then carried forward to the next phase. 

Water injection, or steam injection systems, are being used extensively to augment power. Corrosion problems in the compressor diffuser and combustor have not been found to be major problems. The increase in work and efficiency with a reduction in NO makes the process very attractive. Split-shaft cycles are attractive for use in variable-speed mechanical drives. The off-design characteristics of such an engine are high efficiency and high torque at low speeds. 

Understanding the design characteristics of the dual or triple pressure HRSG and its corresponding steam turbine sections (HP, IP, and LP turbines) is important. Increasing pressure of any section will increase the work output of the section for the same mass flow. However, at higher... 

Flow coefficients and pressure coefficients can be used to determine various off-design characteristics. Reynolds number affects the flow calculations for skin friction and velocity distribution. 

The off-design characteristics of a turbine are as important to define as the design-point characteristics. Figure 9-29 shows the effect of the speed-to-... 

A technique to deploy customer requirements (the true quality characteristics) into design characteristics (the substitute characteristics) and deploy them into subsystems, components, materials, and production processes. The result is a grid or matrix that shows how and where customer requirements are met. 

Ideally, maintenance records should be organized by a classification method compatible with the CCPS Taxonomy in Appendix A and the equipment boundaries in Section 5.5, Generic Failure Rate Data Base. It is important to remember that the taxonomy presented was developed to group equipment into classes that are differentiated by their reliability rather than their design characteristics. Records maintained in this fashion allow the analyst to more easily determine the total pieces of equipment and number failures. 

Individual effects of design characteristics on fuel economy of a typical passenger car. 

Other types of transformers include instrument, radio-frequency, wide-band, narrow-band, and electronic transformers. Each of these transformers operates similarly and is used in specific applications best suited for the transformer s design characteristics. 

The design characteristics, reaction modeling, target simulation and thermodynamic parameters are exhaustively reviewed in a four vrlume study by the Denver Research Institute (Ref 129). 

Heller A. 2006. Electron-conducting redox hydrogels design, characteristics and synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 10 664-672. 

Our treatment of Chemical Reaction Engineering begins in Chapters 1 and 2 and continues in Chapters 11-24. After an introduction (Chapter 11) surveying the field, the next five Chapters (12-16) are devoted to performance and design characteristics of four ideal reactor models (batch, CSTR, plug-flow, and laminar-flow), and to the characteristics of various types of ideal flow involved in continuous-flow reactors. Chapter 17 deals with comparisons and combinations of ideal reactors. Chapter 18 deals with ideal reactors for complex (multireaction) systems. Chapters 19 and 20 treat nonideal flow and reactor considerations taking this into account. Chapters 21-24 provide an introduction to reactors for multiphase systems, including fixed-bed catalytic reactors, fluidized-bed reactors, and reactors for gas-solid and gas-liquid reactions. 

In general these safe design characteristics can be categorized as ... 

Emphasis is placed on the atomization processes used in spray combustion and spray drying from which many atomization processes have evolved. Advantages and limitations of the atomization systems are discussed along with typical ranges of operation conditions, design characteristics, and actual and potential applications. The physical properties of some normal liquids are listed in Table... 

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