Production potential

If no appraisal was performed, and the development was started based, say, on the medium case STOMP of 48 MMstb, then the actual STOMP would not be found until the facilities were built and the early development wells were drilled. If it turned out that the STOMP was only 20 MMstb, then the project would lose 40 million, because the facilities were oversized. If the STOMP is actually 48 MMstb, then the NPV is assumed to be the same as for the medium case after appraisal. If the STOMP was actually 100 MMstb, then the NPV of + 40 million is lower than for the case after appraisal (+ 66 million) since the facilities are too small to handle the extra production potential. 

Another method of maintaining production potential from the field is to drill more wells, and it is common for wells to be drilled in batches, just as the compression is added in stages, to reduce early expenditure. 

Once the production potential of the producing wells is insufficient to maintain the plateau rate, the decline periodbegins. For an individual well in depletion drive, this commences as soon as production starts, and a plateau for the field can only be maintained by drilling more wells. Well performance during the decline period can be estimated by decline curve analysis which assumes that the decline can be described by a mathematical formula. Examples of this would be to assume an exponential decline with 10% decline per annum, or a straight line relationship between the cumulative oil production and the logarithm of the water cut. These assumptions become more robust when based on a fit to measured production data. 

Keywords production decline, economic decline, infill drilling, bypassed oil, attic/cellar oil, production potential, coiled tubing, formation damage, cross-flow, side-track, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), steam injection, in-situ combustion, water alternating gas (WAG), debottlenecking, produced water treatment, well intervention, intermittent production, satellite development, host facility, extended reach development, extended reach drilling. 

Well production potential is the rate at which a well can produce with no external... 

In high permeability reservoirs, wells may produce dry oil for a limited time following a shut-in period, during which gravity forces have segregated oil and water near the wellbore. In fields with more production potential than production capacity, wells can be alternately produced and shut in (intermittentproduction) to reduce the field water cut. This may still be an attractive option at reduced rates very late in field life, if redundant facilities can be decommissioned to reduce operating costs. 

NDT devices used for the control of quality of critical products potentially dangerous for people and environment are subject to mandatory checking. 

Because of the ovedapping roles of coal in industry, many of the technologies covered here have been developed for synthetic fuel appHcations, but they also have been used or have demonstrated potential for production of significant quantities of chemicals. The scope of an article on coal as a chemical source would not be complete without coverage of synfuel processes, but the focus will be on the chemical production potential of the processes, looking toward a future when coal again may become the principal feedstock for chemical production. 

H. G. Cuder, Biologically Active Natural Products, Potential Use in Agriculture, ACS Symposium Series 380, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

A necessary condition for ion-molecule reactions that has not been considered thus far is that of continuity between reactant and product potential energy surfaces. Many reactions of ions and molecules take place with / a transition from one potential energy surface to another. If no suitable crossings between the respective surfaces exist, then obviously orbiting ion-molecule collisions cannot produce chemical reac-... 

I—I Energy used in plastic production — (potentially recoverable)... 

Crompton, E. (1958) Hill soils and their production potential. Journal of the... 

Mitra S, Wassmann R, Jain MC, Pathak H. Properties of rice soils affecting methane production potentials 1. Temporal patterns and diagnostic procedures. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 2002 64 169-182. 

Jacobson, R.H., Reed, N.D. and Manning, D.D. (1977) Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from mice lacking antibody production potential. Immunology 32, 867-874. 

High-protein biomass as by-product (potential revenue product). 

Studies of fuel production from various biofuels at a scale and cost representative of biomass fuel chains in various regions in Europe, thereby rendering realistic data for future production potential on a European scale. 

CHEW, F.S., Biological effects of glucosinolates. In Biologically Active Natural Products Potential Use in Agriculture (H.G. Cutler, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington DC. 1988, pp. 155-181. 

Where arable land is high cost, high value, or in scarce supply the production potential of protein becomes an especially important factor. Fruits and leaves from wild, undomesticated plants provide attractive sources of protein in the diet because of their natural acceptability by local inhabitants and their wide-spread accessibility due to native growth. However, for domesticated and commercialized situations the production of protein per unit area of arable land is an important factor. 

Seeds, leaf crops, and grasses are very efficient protein producers from the standpoint of amount per unit area. As indicated in Table IV, the more commonly used seeds and legumes, soybeans and wheat have relatively high protein production potentials (around 400 to 800 kg/ hectare). 

Table IV. Production Potential of Protein From Some...

Another point to be considered is the form in which the protein-containing food is consumed and the efficiency of extraction or use of the protein in human diet. When this is considered, most of the seed-type foods, beans and legumes, have efficiencies which overcome their lowered production potential. Thus, these foods can be directly consumed and this results in a very efficient use in the human body. Many grasses and... 

FIGURE 3.4. Reactant and products potential energy curves for the reductive cleavage of the R—X bond. For the product curves, dotted line no interaction between fragments, solid line finite interaction (DP) between fragments. Adapted from Figure 5 of reference 13a, with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

In the area of wind offshore energy, Garrad Hassan et al. (1995) place the electricity production potential at 10904 PJ/year including areas with a distance up to 30 km from the coast and a water depth of less than 40 m. The EWEA (2003) and Greenpeace (2001) apply further constraints leading to a significantly lower value for the offshore electricity potential (see Fig. 5.6). In this way they restrict the area available for offshore production to a water depth of 20 m and reduce the capacity density. 

Table 1 Bioenergy production potentials for selected biomass types in 2050. (Adapted from Hunt [2]).

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