Source characterization

Gale, N. (1981), Mediterranean obsidian source characterization by strontium isotope analysis, Archaeometry 23, 41-51. 

Glascock, M. D., G. E. Braswell, and R. H. Cobean (1998), A systematic approach to obsidian source characterization, in Shackley, M. S. (ed.), Archaeological Obsidian Studies Method and Theory, Plenum, New York, pp. 15-65. 

Truncer, J., M. D. Glascock, and H. Neff (1998), Steatite source characterization in eastern North America, Archaeometry 40, 23-44. 

Nagamaik P, Batt A, Boulanger B (2011) Source characterization of nervous active pharmaceutical ingredients in healthcare facility wastewaters. J Environ Manage 92 872-877... 

A considerable effort has gone into the application of statistical techniques to the analysis of aerosol data for the extraction of source contributions. The use of novel statistical methods has been stimulated by uncertainties in the data collected in field measurements and in source characterization in some cases not all of the sources are known. 

In an attempt to provide this focus, forty-seven active receptor model users from government, university, consulting and industry met for 2 1/2 days in February 1980 it. They addressed the models and the information required to use them in six separate task forces 1) Chemical Element Balance Receptor Models, 2) Multivariate Receptor Models, 3) Microscopic Identification Receptor Models, 4) Field Study Design and Data Management, 5) Source Characterization, and 6) Analytical Methods. The objectives of these interrelated task forces were to ... 

The measurements required for the present receptor models Include particulate matter composition, size and variability for both source and receptor. Obtaining these data requires attention to field study design and data management, source characterization, and analytical methods. 

Source Characterization. All receptor models, even the source/receptor hybrids, require input data about the particulate matter sources. The multivariate models, which can conceivably be used to better estimate source compositions, require an initial knowledge of the chemical species associations in sources. 

Source characterization results are not located in a centralized facility which is constantly updated. The Environmental Protection Agency has established the Environmental Assessment Data System (EADS) (31) which contains chemical compositions of particulate matter emissions tests. This existing computerized structure can provide the centralized location for receptor model source characterization information. Procedures such as those described for ambient data in the previous section need to be developed in order to allow receptor model users access to this data base over telephone lines. The data required of receptor model source tests should be incorporated into the EADS, and source characterization results should report this information in an EADS compatible format. 

Future development efforts in source characterization should 1) develop new source sampling methods including tethered balloon and ground based sampling 2) standardize data reporting and management procedures and store validated data in a central data base and 3) create a chemical component analysis protocol to obtain maximum information from each source test. 

The fourth and final need is for doctmentation and education. The validation and standardization will go for naught if the practice of receptor modeling cannot be established at the state implementation plan level where it is most sorely needed. Major reviews of model applications, analytical methods, source characterization and field study design need to be prepared and communicated to those most likely to make use of them. 

The symposium was divided into four subject areas, and this volume follows that general format. The first group of chapters reviews and describes many of the recent modeling efforts. The next section is devoted to source characterization studies, while the third group includes chapters concerned with carbonaceous aerosols—both source apportionment and measurement techniques. The final section describes the results of several field studies in areas of the United States and China where wind-blown dust is a serious problem. 

Sampling dates Location Source characterization Average mutagenicity (rev m 3), TA98 + S9 —S9 Highest value (-S9)... 

Venkataraman, C., J. M. Lyons, and S. K. Friedlander, Size Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon. 1. Sampling, Measurement Methods, and Source Characterization, Environ. Sci. Technol, 28, 555-562 (1994a). 

Although the preparation of the excited state has been described in terms of a delta function excitation, the same results should be obtained for the case of excitation by a broad-band, random, conventional light source. We have pointed out, in Section VI, that in the case of the non-radiative decay of an excited state, the same behavior is predicted to follow excitation by a light source characterized by a second-order autocorrelation function which describes random phases and excitation by a delta function pulse. A similar situation prevails when the radiative decay channel is also taken into account. 

Lioy, P.J., Freeman, N.C. and Millette, J.R. (2002) Dust a metric for use in residential and building exposure assessment and source characterization. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 969-82. 

Table 7.1 presents the local source characterization and quantification of the nine intentional POPs pesticides. There was neither import, export, manufacture nor use and no stockpiling of any of these pesticides in Hong Kong for the past five years (2000-2004). Transhipment of DDT was reported in 2000-2003 but not in 2004, while transhipment of mirex was recorded in 2004 only. 

Table 7.1. Source characterization and quantification of POP-pesticides in Hong Kong in 2000-2004...

Jaffe, R., Boyer, J.N., Lu, X., Maie, N., Yang, C., Scully, N.M., and Mock, S. (2004) Source characterization of dissolved organic matter in a subtropical mangrove-dominated estuary by fluorescence analysis. Mar. Chem. 84, 195-210. 

Another optimization approach was followed by Wagner [68 ]. Wagner developed a methodology for performing simultaneous model parameter estimation and source characterization, in which he used an inverse model as a non-linear maximum likelihood estimation problem. The hydrogeologic and source parameters were estimated based on hydraulic head and contaminant concentration measurements. In essence, this method is minimizing the following ... 

Wagner BJ (1992) Simultaneously parameter estimation and contaminant source characterization for coupled groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling. J Hydrol 135 275-303... 

Gas Emissivities Radiant transfer in a gaseous medium is characterized by three quantities the gas emissivity, gas absorptivity, and gas transmissivity. Gas emissivity refers to radiation originating within a gas volume which is incident on some reference surface. Gas absorptivity and transmissivity, however, refer to the absorption and transmission of radiation from some external surface radiation source characterized by some radiation temperature 7. The sum of the gas absorptivity and transmissivity must, by definition, be unity. Gas absorptivity may be calculated from an appropriate gas emissivity. The gas emissivity is a function only of the gas temperature Tg while the absorptivity and transmissivity are functions ofboth Tg and Tt. 

The Gaussian plume and puff models, which describe the concentration distribution of an inert species downwind of a point, line, or area source, characterize the next level of complexity of airshed models. In the usual applications of these models ... 

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