Fuel vehicles

Alcohol fuel vehicles Alcoholic beverages Alcoholic fermentation Alcoholic proof Alcoholism... 

For these reasons, CEC and DOE concluded that the only cost-effective method of getting alcohol fueled vehicles would be from original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Vehicles produced on the assembly line would have lower unit costs. The OEM could design and ensure the success and durabihty of the emission control equipment. 

Fig. 2. CEC methanol-fueled vehicle exhaust profile for (a) HC, hydrocarbons (b) NO and (c) CO. SoHd line represents State of California standard...

Fuel Flexible Vehicles. Using dedicated alcohol fuel vehicles pointed to the importance of a wide distribution of fueling stations. Methanol-fueled vehicles require refueling more often than gasoline vehicles. 

In 1981, the Dutch company TNO in cooperation with the New Zealand government converted a gasoline engine to a flexible fuel vehicle by adding a fuel sensor. The sensor deterrnined the amount of oxygen in the fuel and then used this information to mechanically adjust the carburetor jets. 

Fig. 4. Components of a Lumina methanol variable fueled vehicle (VFV).

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

Only a small portion of motor fuel needs could be satisfied if truly large-scale alcohol—gasoline blending or fuel switching occurred via transition to fuel-flexible vehicles and ultimately to neat alcohol-fueled vehicles (132). 

Natural gas, aloag with aatural gas Hquids, may also have an opportunity to provide energy as a transportation fuel. U.S. automakers are iavolved ia limited productioa of aatural gas-fueled vehicles, and approximately 500 refueling stations have been built as part of the iafrastmcture needed to support these vehicles (22). 

Initially, at least, methanol vehicles should be capable of operating on either M85, gasoline, or any mixture of the two. These vehicles are caHed flexible fueled (EEV) or variable fueled vehicles (VEV). It is expected that methanol could be sold in existing service stations out of tanks constmcted of methanol-tolerant material such as carbon steel or certain fiber glass formulations. EventuaHy, if enough EEV/VEVs are sold and methanol becomes widely avaHable, dedicated vehicles would likely be buHt and sold. Methanol has been used for years as a racing fuel. 

Engines are also designed to use either gasoline or methanol and any mixture thereof (132—136). Such a system utilizes the same fuel storage system, and is called a flexible fueled vehicle (EEV). The closed loop oxygen sensor and TWC catalyst system is perfect for the flexible fueled vehicle. Optimal emissions control requires a fuel sensor to detect the ratio of each fuel being metered at any time and to correct total fuel flow. 

C. L. Myimg and co-workers. Research and Development of Hyundai Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVsJ, SAE 930330, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 

J. K. Hochmuth and J. J. Mooney, Catalytic Control of Emissionsfrom M-8 5 Fueled Vehicles, SAE 930219, Society of Automotive Engineers,... 

Komodromos, C., Pearson, S. Grint, A., "The Potential of Adsorbed Natural Gas for Advanced On-board Storage in Natural Gas Fueled Vehicles", International Gas Research Conference, Florida, 1992. 

You do not need to report items that make up the structure of your facility, such as walls any flooring, installation, or wiring. Also, you do not need to report the furnishings in your facility, such as desks, chairs, carpets, and draperies. When completing the survey you do not have to make employees account for their personal possessions, such as matches. If the facility owns and operates a number of vehicles, do not report the gasoline, motor oil, etc. in those vehicles. However, you must report the gas tank you have on site for fueling vehicles, and the motor oil and other reportable supplies you might keep on hand for maintenance. 

Besides cleaner fuels, vehicle makers have developed many emission-reducing technologies—both in cleaner combustion and in catalytic converter technologies—to comply with ever stricter tailpipe emission standards. The U.S. EPA stringent standards proposed in 1999 for model year 2004 vehicles will result in new vehicles emitting less than 1 percent of the VOC and NO, emissions of their 1960s counterparts. 

Since most of the alternative fuel vehicles burn cleaner, experience has found that this reliability is equal or better than that of comparable gasoline or diesel fuel vehicles. 

In 1997 a total 1.3 billion gals of ethanol fuel was produced in the United States. Proposed new low sulfur conventional gasoline standards could greatly increase the demand for ethanol since desulfurization may lower gasoline octane. Almost all fuel ethanol is used as gasohol, but some is used to make E-85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). E-85 can be used in flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) which can operate on gasoline or ethanol blends of to 85 percent ethanol. 

Public concerns about air quality led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 to amendments to that act in 1977 and 1990. The 1990 amendments contained seven separate titles covering different regula-toiy programs and include requirements to install more advanced pollution control equipment and make other changes in industrial operations to reduce emissions of air pollutants. The 1990 amendments address sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain deposition, nitrous oxide emissions, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide emissions, particulate emissions, tail pipe emissions, evaporative emissions, reformulated gasoline, clean-fueled vehicles and fleets, hazardous air pollutants, solid waste incineration, and accidental chemical releases. 

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

Most alternative fuel vehicles on the road today were originally designed for gasoline, hut converted for use with an alternative fuel. Because the petroleum industry has successfully responded to the competitive threats of alternative fuels by developing reformulated gasolines that burn much cleaner, the... 

Ford Expects Output of Flexible Fuel Vehicles to Represent 10% of its U.S. Automotive Production. Purchasing. 12S(9) 9. 

The challenges in this process are significant. Gasoline-fueled (and diesel-fueled) vehicles powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs) won the market competition over other motive systems and their performance has since been improved and refined for more than 100 years. Furthermore, a vast infrastructure has been established that manufactures, maintains, and fuels the current vehicular fleet in the United States. 

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