Nitrous oxide emissions

R. A. Reimer and co-workers, paper presented at the 6th International Workshop on Nitrous Oxide Emissions, Turku/Abo, Finland, June 7—9, 1994, 25... 

Dasch, J. M., Nitrous oxide emissions from vehicles, j. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 42(1) 32-38 (January 1992). 

Public concerns about air quality led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 to amendments to that act in 1977 and 1990. The 1990 amendments contained seven separate titles covering different regula-toiy programs and include requirements to install more advanced pollution control equipment and make other changes in industrial operations to reduce emissions of air pollutants. The 1990 amendments address sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain deposition, nitrous oxide emissions, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide emissions, particulate emissions, tail pipe emissions, evaporative emissions, reformulated gasoline, clean-fueled vehicles and fleets, hazardous air pollutants, solid waste incineration, and accidental chemical releases. 

Chianese, D. S., Rotz, C. A., and Richard, T. L. (2009d). Simulation of nitrous oxide emissions from dairy farms to assess greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Trans. ASABE 52, 1325-1335. 

What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories are responsible for about 98% of carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions (5). For example, in 1997, the United States emitted about one-fifth of total global greenhouse gases. 

Much later—more than half a century after Carothers invented nylon— scientists at the University of California at San Diego discovered that the production of nylon seemed to contribute a small but significant amount of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. By that time, it was well known that nitrous oxide, N20, is a potent greenhouse gas and ozone destroyer. Within a month of the discovery s publication in 1991, Du Pont and several other nylon producers announced plans to phase out nitrous oxide emissions within five years. 

Cai Z, Xing G, Yan X, Xu H, Tsuruta H, Yagi K, Minami K. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management. Plant Soil. 1997 196 7-14. 

Furukawa Y, Inubushi K. Effect of application of iron materials on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from two types of paddy soils. Soil Sd. Plant Nutr. 2004 50 917-924. 

Hou AX, Chen GX, Wang ZP, Van Cleemput O, Patrick Jr WH. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000 64 2180-2186. 

Simmonds MB, Anders M, Adviento-Borbe MA, van Kessel C, McClung A, Linquist BA. Seasonal methane and nitrous oxide emissions of several rice cultivars in direct-seeded systems. J. Environ. Qual. 2015 44 103-114. 

Nitrous oxide emission from manure management... 

Jha AK, Singh K, Sharma C, Singh SK, Gupta PK. Assessment of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock in India. Earth Science and Climatic Change, doi.org/ 10.4172/2157-7617.1000107. 2011. 

Thorman RE, Harrison R, Cooke SD, Chadwick DR, Burston M, Balsdon SL. Nitrous oxide emissions from slurry- and straw-based systems for cattle and pigs in relation to emissions of ammonia. In McTaggart I and Gairns L (eds.), Proceedings of SAC/ SEPA Conference on Agriculture, Waste and the Environment. Edinburgh (UK), 26-28 March 2002. pp. 26-32. 

Nitrous oxide emissions are generally induced by fertiliser application. Emission strength varies with soil type, temperature and moisture and is substantially crop specific. There is a considerable difference between woody species and cereals. While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) general N20 emission value is set to 1.25% of the nitrogen applied an average of 0.8 to 1.0% could be found from sandy soils. 

Dobbie KE, Smith KA (2003) Nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils in Great Britain the impact of soil water-filled pore space and other controlling variables. Glob Change Biol 9 204-218... 

Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories are responsible for about 98% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture. 

Nitrite formation may lead to nitrous oxide (N O) emission. An example of such a process under reclaimed efQuent disposal on the land surface is reported by Master et al. (2004). Irrigating a grumosol (<60% clay content) with fresh and reclaimed effluent water, it was found that, under efQuent irrigation, the amount of nitrous oxide emissions was double the amount emitted under freshwater treatment, at 60% w/w. The N O emission from efQuent-freated bulk soil was more than double the amount formed from large aggregates. 

Berges, M. G. M R. M. Hofmann, D. Scharffe, and P. J. Crutzen, Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Motor Vehicles in Tunnels and Their Global Extrapolation, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18527-18531 (1993). 

Bouwman, A. F., and J. A. Taylor, Testing High-Resolution Nitrous Oxide Emission Estimates against Observations Using an Atmospheric Transport Model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 307-318 (1996). 

Larsson L, Ferm M, Kasimir-Klemedtsson A, Klemedtsson L (1998) Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from grass and alfalfa mulches. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51 41-46... 

The global atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration increased from a preindustrial value of about 270 ppb to 319 ppb in 2005. The growth rate has been approximately constant since 1980 and more than 30% of all nitrous oxide emissions are primarily due to agriculture. 

Figure 5.5 Nitrous oxide emission rates (mmol m-2 d-1) versus dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading (N m-2 d-1) in mesocosm experiments at the Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory. (Modified from Seitzinger and Nixon, 1985.)...

Kroeze, C., and Seitzinger, S.P. (1998) Nitrogen inputs to rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related nitrous oxide emissions in 1990 and 2050 a global model. Nutrient Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52 195-212. 

Schwefer, M., Maurer, R., and Groves, M., Reduction of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Nitric Acid Plants, Prepared for Presentation at Nitrogen 2000, Vienna, Austria, March, 2000. 

The oxidation of cyclohexanone by nitric acid leads to the generation of nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. The first two gases can be recycled for the synthesis of nitric acid. Nitrous oxide, however, is an ozone depleter and cannot be recycled. Indiscriminate nitrous oxide emission from this process is therefore the cause of considerable concern. As shown by 8.9, part of the cyclohexanone can also be converted to the corresponding oxime and then to caprolactam—the monomer for nylon 6. Phthalic acids are one of the monomers for the manufacture of polyesters. As shown by Eq. 8.10, it is made by the oxidation of p-xylene. A general description of polyamides (nylons) and polyesters are given in Section 8.4. 

Nitrous oxide Emissions from denitrifying transformation of NO Combustion of oil and coal... 

Bange, H. W. (2006b). New Directions The importance of the oceanic nitrous oxide emissions. Atmos. Enpiron. 40(1), 198—199. 

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