Fuel choice

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

T. Y. Chang and S. Rudy, Urban Air QuaHty Impact of Methanol-Pueled Compared to GasoHne-Pueled Vehicles, ia W. Kohl, ed.. Methanol as an yiltemative Fuel Choice yin yissessment,] ohxi Hopkias Poreign PoHcy Institute, Washiagton, D.C., 1990, pp. 97—120. 

Fuel Characteristics Fuel choice has a major impact on boiler design and sizing. Because of the heat transfer resistance offered by ash deposits in the furnace chamber in a coal-fired boiler, the mean absorbed heat flux is lower than in gas- or oil-fired boilers, so a greater surface area must be provided. Figure 27-42 shows a size comparison between a coal-fired and an oil-fired boiler for the same duty. 

The use of available fuels will allow fuel cells on the market more quickly. Hydrogen could be processed from gasoline onboard vehicles until hydrogen becomes a more practical fuel choice. DaimlerChrysler has been working with an onboard sensor that would tell what kind of fuel is being pumped in and then adjust the reformer on the fly. This system would allow different fuels to be reformed at different temperatures using varying proportions of steam and air. 

In summary, these are the applications and coupled fuel choices of interest to fuel cell technology to date ... 

The fuel choice for small stationary power plants is pipeline gas due to its availability for multiple commercial, light-industrial, and residential applications. Some users request that the fuel processor convert at least one additional fuel, i.e., a light distillate. 

Fuels that are most directly suited to the fuel cell are the most difficult and costly to produce and distribute. Gasoline and methanol are the leading candidates to power fuel cell engines. Both the gasoline and methanol fuel cell vehicles should be more fully developed prior to making a commercial decision on fuel choice. 

Fuel Choices for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles," J. Holmes, statement before Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, on behalf of The American Petroleum Institute, Exxon Corporation, October 5, 1999. 

Panciastitas. Liq expl mixts of nitrogen peroxide and a liq combustible. Mixing is performed in situ (Ref 6, Vol 2, p 340). Jimenez (Ref 9, p 32) lists aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic nitrocompds as fuel choices... 

Wang, M. Fuel choices for fuel cell vehicles Well-to-wheels energy and emissions impacts. /. Power Sources 2002,112, 307-321. 

Arthur D. Little, Inc. 2001. Guidance for Transportation Technologies Fuel Choice for Fuel Cell Vehicles Phase Two Final Report to DOE. Cambridge, Mass. Arthur D. Little. 

Wang, M. 2002. Fuel Choices for Fuel Cell Vehicles Well-to-Wheels Energy and Emissions Impacts. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 112, pp. 307-321. 

M. A. DeLuchi, "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from the Use of Gasoline, Alethanol, and Other Alternative Transportation Fuels," in W. Kolil, ed., Alethanol as an Alternative Fuel Choice An Assessment, John Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 167—199. 

Fuel choice. Within a few days after a fast begins, nitrogen excretion accelerates to a higher-than-normal level. After a few weeks, the rate of nitrogen excretion falls to a lower level and continues at this low rate. However, after the fat stores have been depleted, nitrogen excretion rises to a high level. 

Figure 30.16. Fuel Choice Duriug Starvatiou. The plasma levels of fatty acids and ketone bodies increase in starvation, whereas that of glucose decreases.

Fuel Choice During Exercise Is Determined by Intensity and Duration of... 

Goulder, L. H., and K. Mathai. 2000. Optimal C02 Abatement in the Presence of Induced Technological Change. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 39 1-38. Greene, David L. 1994. "Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Choice Model." ORNL/TM-12738 (October). 

The benchmarks are independent of actual fuel choice and actual operation pattern. Thus a strict ex-ante allocation principle is applied. In case of, for example, a new power plant, the operator receives 1710 allowances per MW of installed capacity per year of operation. An allocation of 1710 allowances is what the operator will need, if the plant has an electrical efficiency of 60%, runs on natural gas and has 5,000 annual equivalent full-load operating hours. If, in actual operation, the plant runs 6,000 or 4,000 hours, it still receives 1710 allowances per MW. If the plant uses coal and/or has a lower efficiency than 60%, the operator still receives 1710 allowances per MW. Benchmarks to industrial installations are constructed according to the same ex-ante principle and based on already existing key numbers applied under the voluntary agreement/C02 tax exemption regime. The benchmarks are listed in Annex 2 of the Danish law on the implementation of the... 

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