Fuel vehicle requirements

Fuel Flexible Vehicles. Using dedicated alcohol fuel vehicles pointed to the importance of a wide distribution of fueling stations. Methanol-fueled vehicles require refueling more often than gasoline vehicles. 

Engines are also designed to use either gasoline or methanol and any mixture thereof (132—136). Such a system utilizes the same fuel storage system, and is called a flexible fueled vehicle (EEV). The closed loop oxygen sensor and TWC catalyst system is perfect for the flexible fueled vehicle. Optimal emissions control requires a fuel sensor to detect the ratio of each fuel being metered at any time and to correct total fuel flow. 

Public concerns about air quality led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 to amendments to that act in 1977 and 1990. The 1990 amendments contained seven separate titles covering different regula-toiy programs and include requirements to install more advanced pollution control equipment and make other changes in industrial operations to reduce emissions of air pollutants. The 1990 amendments address sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain deposition, nitrous oxide emissions, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide emissions, particulate emissions, tail pipe emissions, evaporative emissions, reformulated gasoline, clean-fueled vehicles and fleets, hazardous air pollutants, solid waste incineration, and accidental chemical releases. 

External to the boiler house, provision for the storage and handling of solid and liquid fuel is required with access for delivery vehicles. With some small boilers such as electrode or steam-coil generators, where the boiler only serves a single item of plant or process, it is practical to install them immediately adjacent to that process. The electrode boiler is eminently suitable here as no combustion gases are produced. 

Technological changes in the manufacture of power sources are required if they are to run on alternative fuels. The development of alternative fuels depends on automotive manufacturers making alternative fuel engines available while fuel suppliers produce and distribute fuels for these vehicles. Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), which are also known as variable fuel vehicles, (VFVs) are designed to use several fuels. Most of the major automobile manufacturers have developed FFV prototypes and many of these use ethanol or methanol as well as gasoline. 

A fuel cell vehicle requires only 1/10 the parts needed for internal combustion models. A change to fuel cell power could end overcapacity problems for GM. It would no longer have to consider different state or country environmental regulations. Fuel cells also free designers and allow them to be more creative with styles and body designs. 

While refuelling dominates infrastructure investments in the early phases, in the later phases it is superseded by production. The total investment of the ten countries until 2025-2030 (i.e., to reach a hydrogen vehicle penetration rate of approximately 12%) is around 60 billion. Flowever, conventional fuels also require large investments e.g., the IEA recently assumed that a global investment of as much as US 4300 billion will be required in the oil sector until 2030, to maintain current production levels (IEA, 2006a). Even though a direct comparison of these numbers is not valid, this may be helpful for a placement of the investment needed for hydrogen infrastructure. 

The risk of explosion or fire associated with the use of mobile telephones in a LPG vehicle is extremely low. First, LPG vehicle fuel systems are closed systems with safety features to prevent accidental release of LPG. The risk of fuel leakage is less than that of a petrol or diesel vehicle. Second, LPG will only bum when mixed with air in proportions within the flammable limits and when there is an ignition source. Working with higher-pressure fuel systems requires special tools and... 

The maintenance requirements of E85 vehicles should be essentially the same as for M85 vehicles, and very similar to their conventional petroleum fuel vehicle counterparts. The oil specified for E85 vehicles has a special additive package and is currently expensive (approximately 3.00 per quart) because of low volume production. In high volume production E85 engine oil should be no more expensive than gasoline engine oil. 

Repair areas where CNG vehicle conversions and repairs are to be performed should have provisions for either natural or forced ventilation. Current codes describe ventilation requirements only for facilities servicing conventional liquid fuel vehicles however, these codes can be used as a basis to determine the needs of facilities servicing CNG vehicles. 

Presidential orders which establish requirements for federal agencies to purchase alternative fuel vehicles. Order 12844 accelerates agency acquisitions by 50% beyond requirements contained in Section 303 of the Energy Policy Act for fiscal years 1993 to 1995, subject to the availability of funds. 

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