Gasoline engine

In a general manner, diesel engines, jet engines, and domestic or industrial burners operate with lean mixtures and their performance is relatively insensitive to the equivalence ratio. On the other hand, gasoline engines require a fuel-air ratio close to the stoichiometric. Indeed, a too-rich mixture leads to an excessive exhaust pollution from CO emissions and unburned hydrocarbons whereas a too-lean mixture produces unstable combustion (reduced driveability and misfiring). 

Gasoline engine equipment such as carburetors, injectors, intake manifolds, valve systems and combustion chambers, are subject to fouling by the fuel itself, the gases recycled from the crankcase, or even dust and particulates arriving with poorly filtered air. Three types of problems then result ... 

Eurosuper gasoline Engine speed 1500 rpm Equivalence ratio 1,00 Sample point upstream of catalytic converter Relative reactivity factor Total teactivity 2.66 g O lg HC... 

The role of detergent additives is to maintain clean injectors so as to insure good distribution of diesel fuel in the cylinder. The structure of these compounds is similar to that of detergents for gasoline engine admission systems. Commercialized compounds are from the succinimide family (see Figure 9.1). 

Nelson, O.L., R.W. Krumm, R.S. Fein, D.D. Fuller, G.K. Rightmire and G.E, Ducker (1989), "A broad spectrum, non metallic additive for gasoline and diesel fuels performance in gasoline engines". SAE paper No. 89-0214, fnt. Congress, Detroit, MI. 

In 1981, the Dutch company TNO in cooperation with the New Zealand government converted a gasoline engine to a flexible fuel vehicle by adding a fuel sensor. The sensor deterrnined the amount of oxygen in the fuel and then used this information to mechanically adjust the carburetor jets. 

Emissions from methanol vehicles are expected to produce lower HC and CO emissions than equivalent gasoline engines. However, methanol combustion produces significant amounts of formaldehyde (qv), a partial oxidation product of methanol. Eormaldehyde is classified as an air toxic and its emissions should be minimized. Eormaldehyde is also very reactive in the atmosphere and contributes to the formation of ozone. Emissions of NO may also pose a problem, especiaHy if the engine mns lean, a regime in which the standard three-way catalyst is not effective for NO reduction. 

N. Pel2 and co-workers. The Composition of Gasoline Engine Hydrocarbon Emissions—An Evaluation of Catalytic and Fuel Effects, SAE 902074, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1990. 

A. J. Beumont, A. D. Noble, and A. Scariobrick, "Adaptive Transient Ah Euel Ratio Control to Minimise Gasoline Engine Emissions," Fisita Congress, London, 1992. 

Internal-combustion engines range in size from small portable gasoline engines to over 14,914 kW (20,000 hp) diesels for ship propulsion. They are usuaUy designed for particular industrial applications and to meet specific objectives as to weight per horsepower, reliabihty, and operating conditions. 

Figure 31-1 shows a cross sechon of a gasoline engine with the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system. 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (1989). Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts ami Some Nitroarenes. lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 46. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

Sec Also Aircraft Air Pollution Air Travel Climatic Effects Gasoline and Additives Gasoline Engines Kerosene Militai y Energy Use, Modern Aspects of Transportation, Evaluation of Energy Use and. 

See also Automobile Performance Carmot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Diesel Cycle Engines Diesel Fuel Engines Gasoline Engines. 

The diesel engine operates with a much higher compression ratio (CR) than does a gasoline engine, and therefore is manufactured with structurally... 

Superior fuel economy (more thermally efficient) particularly at low speeds due to lack of restriction of the air flow air flow restriction occurs in a gasoline engine through the throttling action of the gas pedal. 

See also Automobile Performance Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Combustion Diesel Fuel Diesel, Rudolph Engines Gasoline and Additives Gasoline Engines Government Agencies Otto, Nikolaus August Thermodynamics. 

See also Automobile Performance Combustion Diesel, Rudolph Diesel Cycle Engines Engines Eucl Cell Vehicles Gasoline and Additives Gasoline Engines Government Agencies Hybrid Vehicles Kerosene Synthetic Fuel. 

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