Primary energy consumption

Energy consumption (primary energy, lower heating value) (C) pert-NHs) ... 

In other words, our primary focus is on waste- and pollution-reduction opportunities if these could reduce energy consumption as well, all the better. If energy usage is a particularly prominent factor, then the team should recommend a separate energy audit. 

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

Secondary metal production is advantageous not only with respect to energy consumption but also to environmental impact as compared to primary metal production. The important environmental problems pertain to the formation of dioxins during thermal processing and the generation of dusts of the oxides of zinc, lead, and other metals in secondary steel, copper, and zinc production. 

Looking back in the history, energy consumption of the world is constantly increasing. The trend of energy consumption in the world is shown in Fig. 1. In this diagram, oil, coal and natural gas has the largest consumption share of world primary energy, oil, coal, and natural gas are the three main sources. 

Moreover, Vietnam population is continuously increasing in the last decade. That situation together with the improvement of living standard pushes more pressure to energy supply. Primary energy consumption, excluding biomass, grew at an annual... 

Primary Energy by Source, Canada, 1871 to 1996 (Percent of Energy Consumption)... 

Table 1.1 Global primary energy consumption, by energy source for 2002 (shares in 10.2 Gtoe)...

NG is expected to be the fastest growing component of global primary energy consumption. Consumption of NG is projected to increase by an average of 2.8% annually from 2001 to 2025, compared with projected annual growth rates of 1.8% for oil consumption and 1.5% for coal (Demirbas, 2006b). 

Renewable energy scenarios depend on environmental protection, which is an essential characteristic of sustainable developments. Worldwide biomass ranks fourth as an energy resource, providing approximately 14% of the world s energy needs. Biomass, mainly now represent only 3% of primary energy consumption... 

Renewable energy sources or renewables contributed 2% of the world s energy consumption in 1998, including 7 exajoules (EJ) from modem biomass and 2 EJ for all other renewables (UNDP, 2000). The renewables are clean or inexhaustible and primary energy resources. Renewable technologies like water and wind power probably would not have provided the same fast increase in industrial productivity as fossil fuels (Edinger and Kaul, 2000). 

Figure 4.2 Well to Wheel analysis of (a) primary energy consumption for conventional and electric vehicles and (b) CO2 emissions for conventional and electric vehicles.

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