Fossil-fuel vehicles

Another molecular ratio that has been proposed to differentiate the source of PAHs is fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene (Fl/Fl + Pyr) with 0.40 being defined as the petroleum/combustion transition point (Yunker et al., 2002). Most petroleum samples have Fl/Fl + Pyr ratio below 0.40 while those of most combustion generated PAHs are above 0.40. In addition, the ratio is further divided into two regions a ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 is more characteristic of liquid fossil fuel (vehicle and crude oil) combustion whereas a ratio greater than 0.50 is characteristic of grass, wood, or coal combustion (Zhang et al., 2004a). 

All transport applications require considerable technical advances with on-board storage before they are likely to become competitive with fossil fuel vehicles (which may be hybrid fossil fuel/electric), at least in mainstream applications. 

Fossil-fueled vehicles give rise to emissions of unburned fuel and partially oxidized hydrocarbons [102,106]. Prominent are the BTEX suite of aromatics - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. These compounds are ubiquitous in the environment, present in essentially every hive atmosphere we test and often among the most prominent peaks in the chromatogram. To date, it has not been possible to position a bee colony that avoids capture of significant amounts of BTEX. We also detect more biorefractive fuel components in hive air - polycyclic aromatics and biphenyls commonly associated with diesel products [114]. Incompletely burned fuel residuals [102] were also evident as noted in the Oxygenates portion of Table 2.5. These comprised aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and oxides. 

While the total cost of FCVs might stiU be higher than fossil fueled vehicles, the environmental impacts of FCVs are very small compared to fossil... 

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine. Standard gasoline and diesel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles can be converted to mn on hydrogen. These vehicles have often been found considerably less polluting, safer, and more efficient than their fossil fuel-burning counterparts. 

We could not live without combustion reactions the oxidation of glucose powers our bodies, and the burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) powers our homes and vehicles. Because fossil fuels reserves are limited, alternatives are being sought (Box 6.2), but even these new fuels will be burned. Consequently, the study of combustion is critically important for our survival. 

Acid deposition has been known to exist since early in the industrial age. The principle pollutants responsible for the elevated levels of acidity are the oxidized forms of sulphur and nitrogen that have been emitted as by-products from non-ferrous smelters, fossil-fueled power generating stations, and motor vehicles. The pollutants are transported substantial distances from the source areas by the atmosphere. They are deposited on receptor regions remote from the sources as acidic rain, snow, and fog or as gasses and dry particulates. 

Natural sources of airborne nickel include soil dust, sea salt, volcanoes, forest fires, and vegetation exudates and account for about 16% of the atmospheric nickel burden (Kasprzak 1987 WHO 1991 Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995). Human sources of atmospheric nickel — which account for about 84% of all atmospheric nickel — include emissions from nickel ore mining, smelting, and refining activities combustion of fossil fuels for heating, power, and motor vehicles ... 

The hydrogen could be produced during non-peak hours and stored until it is needed. This would allow Iceland to replace almost one fourth of the fossil fuels consumed by vehicles and vessels using its present generating capacity. 

Iceland could also develop wind power with coastal or offshore facilities. A study indicated that 240 wind power plants could produce the electricity needed to replace fossil fuel from vehicles and fisheries. 

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