Carbon dioxide producing

The gas is passed through caustic soda solution to remove any sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide produced in side reactions. Carbon monoxide is also obtained when an ethanedioate (oxalate) is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid ... 

This reaction is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Passage of an excess of carbon dioxide produces the soluble hydrogencarbonate ... 

Reaction 21 is the decarbonylation of the intermediate acyl radical and is especially important at higher temperatures it is the source of much of the carbon monoxide produced in hydrocarbon oxidations. Reaction 22 is a bimolecular radical reaction analogous to reaction 13. In this case, acyloxy radicals are generated they are unstable and decarboxylate readily, providing much of the carbon dioxide produced in hydrocarbon oxidations. An in-depth article on aldehyde oxidation has been pubHshed (43). 

Anhydrous lithium hydroxide [1310-65-2], LiOH, is obtained by heating the monohydrate above 100°C. The salt melts at 462°C. Anhydrous lithium hydroxide is an extremely efficient absorbent for carbon dioxide (qv). The porous stmcture of the salt allows complete conversion to the carbonate with no efficiency loss in the absorption process. Thus LiOH has an important role in the removal of carbon dioxide from enclosed breathing areas such as on submarines or space vehicles. About 750 g of lithium hydroxide is required to absorb the carbon dioxide produced by an individual in a day. 

Methods of Purification. Although carbon dioxide produced and recovered by the methods outlined above has a high purity, it may contain traces of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, which cause a slight odor or taste. The fermentation gas recovery processes include a purification stage, but carbon dioxide recovered by other methods must be further purified before it is acceptable for beverage, dry ice, or other uses. The most commonly used purification methods are treatments with potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, or active carbon. 

Much more carbon dioxide is generated daily than is recovered (44). The decision whether or not to recover by-product carbon dioxide often depends on the distance and cost of transportation between the carbon dioxide producer and consumer. For example, it has become profitable to recover more and more carbon dioxide from C02-rich natural gas weUs in Texas as the use of carbon dioxide in secondary oil recovery has increased. The production levels for enhanced oil recovery are generally not reported because of the captive nature of the appHcation. 

About 10% of the carbon dioxide produced is for chemical manufacturing. Sold as a Hquid, it is used as a raw material, for inerting and pressurizing, and for cooling. Other appHcations include metal working (4%) and oil and gas recovery (6%). 

Synthetic Natural Gas. Another potentially very large appHcation of coal gasification is the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG). The syngas produced from coal gasification is shifted to produce a H2-to-CO ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The carbon dioxide produced during shifting is removed, and CO and H2 react to produce methane (CH, or SNG, and water in a methanation reactor. 

Halocarbons have the further advantage of reducing the viscosity of the reaction mixture and, where used as the main blowing agent instead of the carbon dioxide produced by the isocyanate-water reaction, cheaper foams are obtained since less isocyanate is used. The reader should, however, note the comments made about the use of chlorofluoroearbons and their effect on the ozone layer made in Section 27.5.4. 

Carbon dioxide production Rate at which the pulmonary bloodstream transports carbon dioxide, produced by metabolic processes, to the pulmonary airstream. 

Some 20 IGCC plants, in various forms, some with other gasifiers but most using oxygen, are now operating or are in the process of construction. Modifications of the IGCC plant to sequestrate the carbon dioxide produced will be discussed in Chapter 8. 

A brief and simplified description of how electricity price may be determined is given in Appendix B, giving some comparisons between different basic plants. We also describe there how the economics of a new plant may be affected by the imposition of an extra carbon tax associated with the amount of carbon dioxide produced. 

Plants (A) with addition of equipment to remove the carbon dioxide produced in combustion... 

We consider first Cycles A of Table 8.1 A and the a.ssociated Figs. 8.6-8.8. These are cycles in which the major objective is to separate or sequestrate some or all of the carbon dioxide produced, and to store or dispose it. This can be achieved either by direct removal of the CO2 from the combustion ga.ses with little or no modification to the existing plant or by modest restructuring or alteration of the conventional power cycle so that the carbon dioxide can be removed more easily. 

The carbon dioxide produced can contribute to the corrosion of metal. The deposits of ferric hydroxide that precipitate on the metal surface may produce oxygen concentration cells, causing corrosion under the deposits. Gallionalla and Crenothrix are two examples of iron-oxidizing bacteria. 

The reaction between propylene oxide and carbon dioxide produces propylene carbonate. The reaction conditions are approximately 200°C and 80 atmospheres. A yield of 95% is anticipated ... 

Carbon dioxide produces a solution of carbonic acid (as in boiler condensate, see Section 53.3.2). Carbon steel is often employed but corrosion rates of up to 1 mm/yr can be encountered. Coatings and non-metallic materials may be employed up to their temperature limits (Section 53.5.6). Basic austenitic stainless steels (type 534) are suitable up to their scaling temperatures. 

Carbon Dioxide Removal. Aside from contained carbon dioxide which is removed from syngas when absorbing hydrogen sulfide, the total carbon dioxide produced in the methanation system is removed by conventional absorption in a single-stage operation in which the volume of gas to be treated is minimum and the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide is maximum. 

Oxygen infiltration coupled with (steam volatile) carbon dioxide produces enhanced condensate line corrosion. The corrosion rate of steel in the system is particularly high when both gases are present. 

In this second example, because the nitrogen does not react, the total volume of oxygen and carbon dioxide must still add up to 21%. Because there is 50% excess air, the availability of oxygen to react with carbon is 1.5 1 by volume thus, the volume of carbon dioxide produced is 1/1.5 X 21% = 14%. 

Let s see how to analyze the data, which are the initial mass of the compound and the masses of the water and carbon dioxide produced in the combustion of the compound. In the presence of excess oxygen, each carbon atom in the compound ends up in one molecule of carbon dioxide. Therefore, we can write... 

A combustion analysis was carried out on 1.621 g of a newly synthesized compound, which was known to contain only C, H, and O. The masses of water and carbon dioxide produced were 1.902 g and 3.095 g, respectively. What is the empirical formula of the compound ... 

Liquid carbon dioxide produces a colourless, dense, non-flammable vapour with a... 

For several hours after a meal, while the products of digestion are being absorbed, there is an abundant supply of metabolic fuels. Under these conditions, glucose is the major fuel for oxidation in most tissues this is observed as an increase in the respiratory quotient (the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed) from about 0.8 in the starved state to near 1 (Table 27-1). 

The transient response of DMFC is inherently slower and consequently the performance is worse than that of the hydrogen fuel cell, since the electrochemical oxidation kinetics of methanol are inherently slower due to intermediates formed during methanol oxidation [3]. Since the methanol solution should penetrate a diffusion layer toward the anode catalyst layer for oxidation, it is inevitable for the DMFC to experience the hi mass transport resistance. The carbon dioxide produced as the result of the oxidation reaction of methanol could also partly block the narrow flow path to be more difScult for the methanol to diflhise toward the catalyst. All these resistances and limitations can alter the cell characteristics and the power output when the cell is operated under variable load conditions. Especially when the DMFC stack is considered, the fluid dynamics inside the fuel cell stack is more complicated and so the transient stack performance could be more dependent of the variable load conditions. 

C04-0150. A former antiknock ingredient in gasoline is a colorless liquid whose formula is C5 H]2 O. Write the balanced equation, and determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide produced when 3.15 mL of the... 

Liquid carbon dioxide produces a colourless, dense, non-flammable vapour with a slightly pungent odour and characteristic acid taste . Physical properties are given in Table 8.5 (see also page 277). Figure 8.1 demonstrates the effect of temperature on vapour pressure. 

The aryl bromides undergo facile metalation with butyl lithium to produce aryllithium derivatives with the expected organometallic activity.9 For example, reaction of lithiated PPO with carbon dioxide produces a carboxylated PPO which exhibits unique blending characteristics18. 

The transformation of carbon dioxide into useful chemical derivatives is an attractive goal in chemistry. Electroreduction of Pd2(dppm)2Cl2 and Pd(dppm)Cl2 (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)-methane) in an aprotic medium under carbon dioxide produces Pd3 (//3-CO)(//-dppm)3.266... 

Eliminating carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism from... 

The carbon dioxide produced during cellular metabolism diffuses out of the cells and into the plasma. It then continues to diffuse down its concentration gradient into the red blood cells. Within these cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates combination of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (H2C03). The carbonic acid then dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HC03). 

A full understanding will be needed of the complex chemistry by which the atmosphere and the earth interact, including the dependence of global climate on carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Is there a way to deal with the carbon dioxide produced by burning coal and other hydrocarbon fuels so that it causes no problem Chemical scientists will need to investigate effective ways to trap C02 that would otherwise build up in the atmosphere. Alternatively, it will be necessary to find ways to reduce the generation of carbon dioxide. As human... 

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