Cost-effective methods

It is fair to say that advances in seismic surveys over the last decade have changed the way fields are developed and managed. From being a predominantly exploration focused tool, seismic has progressed to become one of the most cost effective methods for optimising field production. In many cases, seismic has allowed operators to extend the life of mature fields by several years. 

For these reasons, CEC and DOE concluded that the only cost-effective method of getting alcohol fueled vehicles would be from original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Vehicles produced on the assembly line would have lower unit costs. The OEM could design and ensure the success and durabihty of the emission control equipment. 

Characterization. In many cases, ftir is a timely and cost-effective method to identify and quantify certain functionaHties in a resin molecule. Based on developed correlations, ftir is routinely used as an efficient method for the analysis of resin aromaticity, olefinic content, and other key functional properties. Near infrared spectroscopy is also quickly becoming a useful tool for on-line process and property control. 

In an economic comparison of these three common abatement systems, a 1991 EPA study (58) indicates extended absorption to be the most cost-effective method for NO removal, with selective reduction only matching its performance for small-capacity plants of about 200—250 t/d. Nonselective abatement systems were indicated to be the least cost-effective method of abatement. The results of any comparison depend on the cost of capital versus variable operating costs. A low capital cost for SCR is offset by the ammonia required to remove the NO. Higher tail gas NO... 

Use of inhibitors. Because corrosion is such a vital aspect of the erosion-corrosion process, inhibitors that will reduce corrosion under conditions of high fluid velocity have been a cost-effective method of dealing with erosion-corrosion. For example, injection of ferrous sulfate either intermittently or continuously has been successful in inhibiting erosion-corrosion, especially with copper-base alloys. 

TTte most cost-effective methods of reducing emissions of NO are the use of low-NO burners and the use of low nitrogen fuels such as natural gas. Natural gas has the added advantage of emitting almost no particulate matter or sulfur dioxide when used as fuel. Other cost-effective approaches to emissions control include combustion modifications. These can reduce NO emissions by up to 50% at reasonable cost. Flue gas treatment systems can achieve greater emissions reductions, but at a much higher cost. 

List several pollution prevention and control technologies aimed at reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion processes. Among these, which are considered the most cost-effective methods for reducing NO, emissions ... 

Volumetric Flow Rate The equipment size is normally dictated by its capacity and is therefore directly related to investment costs. Incineration systems are capable of handling large amounts of waste gases and are often the most cost-effective method when handling large flows. Adsorption systems can handle large volumes of gases, provided that the gas stream is fairly dilute. Absorption will... 

Salt Concentration. The most cost-effective method of reducing salt concentration levels is to dilute water-base drilling fluid with freshwater. Care must be taken to make sure that the makeup water is compatible with the system. The water must not contain high concentrations of undesirable corrodents. 

Break-glass detectors detect the high frequencies produced when glass is broken or cut with a glasscutter. These are the most cost-effective methods of glass protection in most cases and are especially suited to areas accessible to the public. 

Retention of staff, in whom a lot had been invested, was enhanced. Mentoring was a cost-effective method. 

Several analytical methods are available to quantify chlorophylls and choice depends on the information needed. For quality control in industries and legislation attendance, simple and cost-effective methods represent widely used problem-solving approaches. For research purposes, more sensitive and precise methods are necessary to identify chlorophylls and derivatives simultaneously and individually. 

Water for injection (WFI) is the most widely used solvent for parenteral preparations. The USP requirements for WFI and purified water have been recently updated to replace the traditional wet and colorimetric analytical methods with the more modern and cost-effective methods of conductivity and total organic carbon. Water for injection must be prepared and stored in a manner to ensure purity and freedom from pyrogens. The most common means of obtaining WFI is by the distillation of deionized water. This is the only method of preparation permitted by the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). In contrast, the USP and the Japanese Pharmacopeias also permit reverse osmosis to be used. The USP has also recently broadened its definition of source water to include not only the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Standards, but also comparable regulations of the European Union or Japan. 

Revegetation is a cost-effective method to stabilize the surface of hazardous waste disposal sites, especially when preceded by capping and grading. Revegetation decreases erosion by wind and water and contributes to the development of a naturally fertile and stable surface environment. It may be part of a long-term site reclamation project, or it may be used on a temporary or seasonal basis to stabilize intermediate cover surfaces at waste disposal sites. 

The tray aeration method is a simple, low-maintenance method of aeration that does not use forced air.19 Water is allowed to cascade through several layers of slat trays to increase the exposed surface area for contact with air (Figure 18.9). Tray aeration is capable of removing 10 to 90% of some VOCs, with a usual efficiency of between 40 and 60%.53 This method cannot be used where low effluent concentrations are required, but could be a cost-effective method for reducing a certain amount of VOC concentration prior to activated carbon treatment. 

Biosorption strategies consist of a group of applications involving the detoxification of hazardous substances such as heavy metals instead of transferring them from one medium to another by means of biosorbents, which may be either microbes or plants. Biosorption options are generally characterized as being less disruptive and may henceforth be carried out on-site, thereby eliminating the need to transport the toxic materials to treatment sites.12 Biosorption is a very cost-effective method... 

Although the novel AR protocol using citraconic anhydride improved the intensity of IHC on FFPE tissue sections for more than half of the antibodies tested, compared to that achieved by other conventional AR protocols, not all antibodies benefitted, which would argue that the citraconic anhydride method does not serve as a truly universal AR protocol. Indeed, many investigators (Table 1.2) have concluded that different antigens may require different specific AR protocols. In this respect, the test battery is a convenient and cost-effective method for assessing the appropriate AR protocol.2,8 Nevertheless, the present data certainly support inclusion of the citraconic anhydride AR method in such a test battery. With respect to the two heating temperatures for citraconic anhydride, the ultimate choice of method for any laboratory may depend on the equipment available. 

Turbine inlet cooling (TIC) can increase gas turbine (GT) power output on a hot day by 10 to 30 percent, while improving (reducing) the turbine heat rate (kj/ kWe) by as much as 5 percent. By increasing the air compressor inlet air density, turbine inlet air cooling is the most cost-effective method for increasing turbine gross power output, for fixed-altitude GTs. 

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