System Utilities

Find a way to overcome the constraint while still maintaining the areas. This is often possible by using indirect heat transfer between the two areas. The simplest option is via the existing utility system. For example, rather than have a direct match between two streams, one can perhaps generate steam to be fed into the steam mains and the other use steam from the same mains. The utility system then acts as a buffer between the two areas. Another possibility might be to use a heat transfer medium such as a hot oil which circulates between the two streams being matched. To maintain operational independence, a standby heater and cooler supplied by utilities is needed in the hot oil circuit such that if either area is not operational, utilities could substitute heat recovery for short periods. 

Although the composite curves can be used to set energy targets, they are not a suitable tool for the selection of utilities. The grand composite curve is a more appropriate tool for understanding the interface between the process and the utility system. It is also, as is shown in later chapters, a useful tool for study of the interaction between heat-integrated reactors and separators and the rest of the process. 

The energy cost of the process can be set without having to design the heat exchanger network and utility system. These energy targets cam be calculated directly from the material and energy balance. Thus... 

Utility systems as sources of waste. The principal sources of utility waste are associated with hot utilities (including cogeneration systems) and cold utilities. Furnaces, steam boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines all produce waste from products of combustion. The principal problem here is the emission of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and particulates (metal oxides, unbumt... 

The utility system also creates waste through products of combustion from boilers and furnaces and wastewater from water treatment, boiler blowdown, etc. Utility waste minimization is in general terms a question of ... 

Product quality specification Contractual agreements Capacity and availability Concurrent operations Monitoring and control Testing metering Standardisation Flaring and venting Waste disposal Utilities systems... 

Utilities systems support production operations, and should also be addressed when putting together a field development plan. Some examples of these are ... 

Measurement of the hotness or coldness of a body or fluid is commonplace in the process industries. Temperature-measuring devices utilize systems with properties that vaiy with temperature in a simple, reproducible manner and thus can be cahbrated against known references (sometimes called secondaiy thermometers). The three dominant measurement devices used in automatic control are thermocouples, resistance thermometers, and pyrometers and are applicable over different temperature regimes. 

Shared vent systems, utility systems, or equipment may result in incompatible materials coming together. 

Inadvertent or uncontrolled opening of high pressure utility system resulting in vessel... 

The OREDA Offshore Reliability Data Handbooks covers a variety of components used in offshore oil drilling and platforms, including gas/fire detection systems, process alarm systems, firefighting systems, pressure relieving systems, general alarm and communication systems, evacuation systems, process systems (vessels, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and compressors), electrical and utility systems, and drilling equipment. 

Utility system restrictions. Loeal utilities may restriet eurrent applieation for motorizing and generation of power during normal operation. 

Unit checkout Check that required mechanical work has been completed, tags and blinds pulled, and temporary piping disconnected. Plant supervision must certify completion of work. Cancel all entry and work permits. Utility system has been commissioned. Check blind list and inspect lines close bleed, drain and sample valves. 

An active perimeter gas control system can have any of the same configurations as a passive perimeter system with the addition of any combination of gas extraction wells, gas collection headers, vacuum blowers or compressors. Their ultimate purpose is to direct the gas to a treatment or utilization system. 

Considerations regarding supporting facilities such as utility systems, water treatment, and heat transfer include ... 

On chemical plants and oil refineries, steam, nitrogen, compressed air. lubricating oil, and other utility systems are responsible for a disproportionately large number of accidents. Flammable oils are recognized as a hazard, but services are given less attention. If the modification to the lubricating system had been systematically studied before it was made, as recommended in Chapter 2, a larger vent could have been installed, or a pipe-break and funnel could have been installed at the inlet to the sump. 

Offshore oil equipment data and boundaries for 84. safety systems, process systems, electrical systems, utility systems, cranes and drilling equipment. 

FIGURE 16.27 Degree of polymerization distribution (m dpD d) computed utilizing system calibra-... 

At present there is much speculation about the long-term future of EVs. Electric vehicles could dramatically lessen U.S. dependence on imported oil and help solve air quality problems, yet also will create new problems and challenges for electric utility system operators. 

Prepare detailed sizing of all process equipment and possibly some utility systems. It is important... 

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