Optimizing CO2 Emissions

The optimal CO2 emission path is the one that minimizes the total time-integrated sum of the climate damage and abatement costs. In intertemporal economic accounting, all costs are traditionally discounted at the same rate. Theoretically, this is equal to the inflation-adjusted market interest rate. However, the appropri-... 

Hasselmann, K., Hasselmann, S. Giering, R., Ocaa, V., and Storch, H. v. (1997). Sensitivity study of optimal CO2 emission paths using a simplified Structural Integrated Assessment Model (SIAM). Climatic Change 37,345-386. 

CO2 reforming of methane can be used to adjust the H/CO ratio and provide the correct H2/CO ratio for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and could potentially be used to reduce CO2 emissions from other processes however, it is even more endothermic than steam reforming. Partial oxidation is exothermic and has the correct H2/CO ratio for methanol synthesis, but requires a pure oxygen source, adding to the cost. In addition to the individual drawbacks, all of these processes must be run with 0/C ratios of greater than 1 to prevent coking of the catalyst. This makes the processes more expensive in practice than would be expected under optimized conditions for the stoichiometric reactions. The propensity of these processes to form carbon at low 0/C ratios is even more pronounced at... 

Carbon-based catalysts and in particular their kinetics have been intensively studied [41 3], because they should reduce the disadvantages related to metal-based catalysts. Carbon materials are more available, have the potential of cost reduction, do not require periodic regeneration because it is not necessary to separate the carbon-product from the catalyst. The fluidised bed reactor technology represents the optimal choice for this kind of hydrocarbon cracking process as it can withdraw the carbon particles evermore, permitting a reliable storage of produced carbon for further use [44 46]. A novel technological solution aimed to improve activity and stability of carbon catalysts has been recently proposed [47]. The presence of small amount of O2 in an autothermal approach seems to be the best solution to minimize CO2 emissions in the overall process. 

Optimal process synthesis Two problems (a) chemical process optimization for maximization of net present value (NPV) while minimizing uncertainty in the future demand of two products, and (b) utility system optimization for minimization of both total annual cost and CO2 emission. Multi-Criteria Branch and Bound (MCBB) Algorithm The existing MCBB algorithm was modified to increase speed, reliability and suitahility for a wide range of applications. Mavrotas and Diakoulaki (2005)... 

A number of cost studies and optimized cost-benefit analyses of the economic impact of CO2 emissions have been published in the literature (e.g., Manne and Richels, 1991 Peck and Teisberg, 1992 Nordhaus, 1993 Richels and Edmonds, 1995 Tahvonen and Storch, 1994 Nordhaus and Yang, 1996 Wigley et ai, 1996 see also the review by Fankhauser, 1995). Normally, the climate models are reduced to box-type models, while the economic models are represented as aggregated dynamic-growth models,... 

These studies, associated with pilot-plant trials, indicated that Sirosmelt technology, because of its flexibility, versatility and simplicity, was the most suitable process to replace the conventional sinter machine-blast furnace. The process has been optimized since the start-up of the furnace based on increased industrial experience and pilot plant trials at the Metaleurop Research Centre. Improved automation and expert systems are necessary to stabilize the process because of the short residence times involved. The bath smelting process operates with a large range of primary and secondary feed materials, and carries out different metallurgical operations in the same reactor.The exhaust gases produced are processed in a sulfuric acid plant, and final SO2 conversion efficiencies of more than 99.5 % are achieved. All the emissions have been drastically reduced CO2 emissions have decreased by 60 %. 

Many recently published smdies are subjected to the evaluation of several functional parameters, either by direct measurements or by simulation, including tanperature prediction of rolling tires [126], in-plane [127] and rolling [128] deformations, other rolling tire modal parameter determinations [129] and estimations [130], influence of different parameters on tire power losses and CO2 emission (resistive loads and inflation pressure [131]), tire-road interface parameter measurements [132-138], and particularly the tractive performances for off-road vehicles [139-141]. Other examples refer to the optimization of air pressure in tires for fuel consumption minimization [142]. 

The optimization methods in Sect. 17.3.2.4 allow the computation of optimum complex products with respect to specified metrics. Examples for cost metrics are price, weight and CO2 emission. 

We summarize the results of the pure cost and the surrogate cost (CO2 emission) minimization problems under the prescribed scenarios in Tables 6 and 7, respectively. The secondary objective function is evaluated by the optimal solution of each problem, i.e., CO2 emission in Table 6 and total const in Table 7, respectively. 

Kakumoto K, Irohara T (2010) Optimization and sensitivity analysis of an international transportation scheduling problem incorporating CO2 emission levels. J Jpn Ind Manage Assoc 61(2) 46-53 (in Japanese)... 

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