Standard stringent

Diesel manufacturers have found it difficult to meet the stringent emissions targets. Development of exhaust treatment devices to reduce particulates and meet NO standards has been underway. These devices either trap or catalyticaHy oxidize the particles or both. 

To efficiendy drive the development of improved substrate materials, the limiting values of birefringence have to be known this is especially tme for WORM and EOD(MOR) substrate disks. These limit values were laid down by the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) Technical Standard Committee (186—188). For 5.25 in. WORM disks, the ANSI document X 3 B 11/88-144 recommends a maximum LEP value of 9% this corresponds to an optical path difference perpendicular to the plane of the disk of not more than 80 nm/mm (double path). For 5.25 in. EOD(MOR) disks, more stringent conditions apply (ANSI-document X 3 B 11/88-049), which also allow calculation of the allowed range. 

The nature of potential exposure ha2ards of low level microwave energy continues to be investigated (116—118). In the United States, leakage emission from microwave ovens is regulated to the stringent limit of 5 mW/cm at 5 cm (119). There is no federal limit on emission from industrial systems but the IMPI has set a voluntary standard which specifies 10 mW/cm at 5 cm (120). Emission values are equivalent to personnel exposures at several meters, well below limits that had previously prevailed in eastern Europe. This conclusion, derived for microwave ovens, should be vaUd for all microwave systems (121). 

In addition to utiHty patents, some countries pubHsh patent documents under different or less stringent standards for patentabiHty and with shorter patent terms. For example, plant patents cover asexually reproduced plants. Design patents cover the decorative aspects of a product. UtiHty models and petty patents cover products with differences from the prior art that need not meet the nonobviousness standards set for utiHty patents. 

Because of the necessity to comply with national standards for ground-level ozone, some states are planning another phase of more stringent NO emissions limits which may take place in the eady 2000s. These additional post-RACT reductions may affect plants of all sizes and types, but are likely to focus on major sources. The deadline for compliance in the most extreme areas is 2010. For severe nonattainment areas (O levels 0.181—0.280 ppm), including many coastal areas in the Northeast, from northern Virginia to southern Maine, compliance must be achieved by November 2005 to November 2007. Serious ozone nonattainment areas (O levels 0.161—0.180 ppm) are expected to be in compliance by November 1999. Moderate noncompHance areas must comply by November 1996. 

Other Emissions. Tide 3 of the CAAA also impacts power plant particulate matter (ash) emissions. In June of 1994, the EPA actually relaxed its standards for emissions of particulate smaller than 10 micrometers (PMIO). This revision was in response to the EPA s mandate to review health-based poUution standards every dve years (12). However, it is uncertain as of this writing (1996) if states will indeed implement less stringent regulations for PMIO emissions. 

Sulfonation Plant Operations and Gas Effluent. Standards governing U.S. sulfonation plant gas effluents differ depending on whether or not the plant is equipped with a H2SO4 scmbbing system for adsorption of SO gas (see Fig. 3). The installation of the SO adsorber system qualifies the plant as a sulfuric production plant which has stringent regulations. Limitations and typical effluent from the sulfonation system are as follows ... 

Top Goats. The selection of a top coat depends on cost, method of appHcation, and product use and performance requirements, among other factors. As a result of increasingly stringent air quaHty standards and increased solvent costs, approaches to reduction of solvent emissions are being sought. 

An entirely different type of contamination arises from the presence of microbiota in a product. As in the case of chemical contamination, compendial requirements for microbiological purity exists. Pharmacopoeial standards vary from country to country, and manufacturers must use the specifications and kill times that meet local requirements. As of this writing, the criteria in the British Pharmacopoeia are more stringent than those estabUshed by the CTFA, which are stricter than those in the United States Pharmacopoeia. In order to meet commonly accepted standards of microbial purity, manufacturing faciUties must be periodically cleaned and all products that can support microbial growth must contain an effective preservative (6). 

After an EPA/OTA study due June 1, 1997, the EPA shall by December 31, 1999, set standards more stringent than 1996 standards for passenger cars and certain light tmcks, effective after January 1, 2003, but not later than model year 2006. 

Catalytic oxidation systems are normally designed for destmction efficiencies that range from 90 to 98% (27). In the early 1980s, typical design requirements were for 90% or higher VOC conversions. More recently, however, an increasing number of appHcations require 95 to 98% conversions to meet the more stringent emission standards (20). 

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