Example Application

The applications described in this second part of the chapter are intended to illustrate the wide range of uses for NIR in the chemical industry. The selection of examples was intentionally limited to work done within industry and published in the open literature in order to keep the focus on work that has demonstrated business value. However, it has been the author s experience that for every industrial NIR application published in the open literature there are at least two others practiced as trade secrets for business reasons. This is especially true for on-line applications that have progressed beyond the feasibility stage, since the NIR results can reveal a great deal of information about the chemical process 

Data set. This is one of several available test data set on the Internet [61]. The data set has been kindly provided by Dr. Windig and is a mixture of  

The mixtures are measured by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy at wave-lenghts 1100-2498 nm. There are in total 140 spectra at 700 wavelengths. To enable analysis by FWT it is necessary to convert the data to length 2 . A subset of the original data was extracted to make a total of 512 variables. The extracted data correspond to a window between variable no. 147 and 658, see Fig. 8. Only four of the five components are analysed (for display reasons only). 

For comparison, PLS regression was performed on the four components using all available wavelet coefficients (this is identical to using the original data). The prediction errors using A = 13, 11. 11, 17 PLS factors are 2 2% 2 1% 2 3% and 2 3%. 

To see the relation between the change of scale and PLS factors on the prediction error, it is instructive to plot the SEC calibration surfaces, see Figs. 9 and 10. An automatic determination of the optimal number of PLS factors for each scale is difficult without causing overfitting. 

The interesting regions are zoomed to avoid large PRESS values to dominate the plot. Note the rank ridge at the left part of each plot. By inspecting the SEC surfaces, possible candidates for parsimonious models can be made, see Table 1. 

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Slurries of free-filtering sohds that are difficult to suspend are sometimes filtered on a top-feed drum filter or filter-diyer. An example application is in the production of table salt. An alternative for slurries of extremely coarse, dense solids is the internal drum filter. In the chemical-process industiy both top-feed and internal drums (which are described briefly by Emmett in Schweitzer, op. cit., p. 4-41) have largely been displaced by the horizontal vacuum filter (q.v). 

A rule of thumb that was used in the past for constant speed applications wii.s to consider the selection of a synchronous motor where the application horsepower was larger than the speed. This, of course, was only an approximation and tended to favor the selection of a synchronous motor and would be considered too severe by current standards. However, the rule can aid in the selection of the motor type by giving some insight as to when the synchronous might be chosen. For example, applications ol several hp per rpm often offer a distinct advantage of the synchronous over the induction motor. In fact, at the lowest speeds, larger sizes and highest hp/rpm ratios may be the only choice. 

Generally, methylation of enolate ions with isotopically tagged methyl iodide is a satisfactory labeling procedure. For example, application of this method has given the C-18 labeled steroids, (244) and (245) (see above), 17 -acetoxy-4jS-trideuteriomethyl-4a-methyl-l9-norandrost-5-en-3-one (264) and 19- C-testosterone acetate (268). Methylation of the anion derived from 17jS-acetoxy-4-methyl-l9-norandrost-4-en-3-one (263) with d3-methyl iodide occurs predominantly at C-4, yielding mainly the 4)S-trideuterio-methyl derivative (264) and about 10% of the corresponding C-4 epimer... 

Expansion turbines are related in many design features to the centrifugal compressor. The key exception being that the turbine receives a high pressure gas for expansion and power recovery to a lower pressure and is usually accompanied by the recovery of the energy from the expansion. For example, applications can be (1) air separation plants (2) natural gas expansion and liquefaction (for gas let-down in pipeline transmission to replace throttle valves where no... 

A recent NACE publication devoted entirely to the economic aspects of corrosion control contains several worked examples applicable to a number of industries. These examples serve to illustrate that anti-corrosion procedure and materials should be selected on economic grounds, and not solely on performance grounds. In presenting a proposal to management. 

An example application of transition state theory is to simple gas-phase dissociations of a diatomic molecules such as CO... 

After proper pairing of manipulated and controlled variables, we still have to design and tune the controllers. The simplest approach is to tune each loop individually and conservatively while the other loop is in manual mode. At a more sophisticated level, we may try to decouple the loops mathematically into two non-interacting SISO systems with which we can apply single loop tuning procedures. Several examples applicable to a 2 x 2 system are offered here. 

The study on the landfill leachate, shown here as an example application of the method, has demonstrated how information derived from individual approaches provides a valuable support to one another. 

However, not all suggested products are effective. For example, application of Indian mustard (B. juncea L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seed meals did not decrease the grassy weed population (Sams et al. 2007). 

TABLE 23-31 Security Issues of Concern with Example Applications to Terrorism... 

For the heats of formation in the G2-1 set, the largest difference between Wl and Wlh theory is 0.3 kcal/molfor Si2 the average difference is less than 0.1 kcal/mol. For some of the systems in the G2-2 set, however, differences are more pronounced, e.g. 0.6 kcal/molfor CF4 and 0.8 kcal/mol for benzene. (Note that the benzene calculation reported as an example application in the original Wl paper [1] is in fact a Wlh calculation the remaining small difference between that reference and the present work is due to the different SCF extrapolations used.) For the G2-1 heats of formation, W2h and W2 are essentially indistinguishable in quality, as could reasonably be expected. 

Before we can consider an example application of QED, we need to present some of the rules we have developed for stereochemical... 

Example applications of synchrotron radiation for doublecrystal topography... 

The text/plain example above demonstrates that HTTP networks can support distributed information systems when given appropriate languages, that is, languages that describe abstractions appropriate to that information system. Many other standard MIME types are useful. Most are very specific, for example, image/gif is a specific format for bitmapped images, application/PDF is a page description format and application/tar is a 4.3 BSD archive. Some describe more general abstractions, for example, application/xml . Private (unauthorized) MIME types are also available, for example, chemical/x-pdb and chemical/x-smiles . 

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