Examples of practical applications

Several thousand papers using experimental designs have been published. We summarise in Table 2.34 the most important in our field from 1999 to 2008. Quite surprisingly, the number of papers using simplex methods to optimize analytical procedures is not so large and, so, our review started at 1990 (see Table 2.35). For older references on simplex applications see Grotti [143] and Wienke et al. [144]. 

Hunter and W. G. Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters. Design, Innovation and Discovery, 2nd edn, Wiley-Intersdence, New York, 2005. 

Morgan, Chemometrics Experimental Design, Wiley, New York, 1991. 

Deming and S. L. Morgan, Experimental Designs a Chemometric Approach, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987. 

Mohammadi, A. Moheb, M. Sadrzadeh and A. Razni, Separation of copper ions by electrodialysis using Taguchi experimental design, Desa-linination, 169(1), 2004, 131-139. 

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In this chapter, high-performance liquid chromatography of oligomers and (high) polymers (polymer HPLC) will be briefly presented. As mentioned in Section 16.1, there exist several monographs, chapter in books, and review papers on this subject, for example [1-33], Most of them contain numerous examples of the HPLC separation and molecular characterization of particular macromolecular substances. Therefore, this chapter discusses almost exclusively the general principles of polymer HPLC and only few selected examples of practical applications will be mentioned for illustration. 

T o grasp the chemical condition of water in the pressure vessel, direct measurement is practically impossible because of high pressure, high temperature, and intense radiation. In order to predict the concentrations of water decomposition products, a computer simulation should be applied. This idea was found in 1960s [1-3]. To perform the simulation, both a set of G-values for water decomposition products and a set of reactions for transient species are necessary. For these two decades, much effort has been made in Sweden, Denmark, United Kingdom, Canada, and Japan to evaluate the G-values and rate constants of the reactions at elevated temperatures up to 300 °C, and now there are practically enough accumulated data. There are several reviews of water radiolysis at elevated temperatures [4-7] and examples of practical application of the radiolysis in reactors [8,9]. 

When planning an industrial-scale bioprocess, the main requirement is to scale up each of the process steps. As the principles of the unit operations used in these downstream processes have been outlined in previous chapters, at this point we discuss only examples of practical applications and scaling-up methods of two unit operations that are frequently used in downstream processes (i) cell separation by filtration and microfiltration and (ii) chromatography for fine purification of the target products. 

Table 2.34 Examples of practical applications of experimental designs in atomic spectrometry. 

Examples of Practical Application of These and Similar Analyses to Wine... 

An example of practical application of the asymmetric cross-coupling, enantioselective synthesis of a-curcumene (19), is shown in Scheme 8F.6 [21]. The compound was synthesized with 66% ee through Ni/(S)-(/ )-PPFA (lOa)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 1 -(p-tolyl)ethylmag-nesium chloride (17) and vinyl bromide (4b). 

The number of reactions of addition of fluorine to the C=C double bond is not as large as that of addition of chlorine or bromine, and few examples of practical application of reactions of elemental fluorine are available. However, there is wide scope for development106 of these reactions for preparative purposes. 

An Example of practical application of the method of steepest ascent has been demonstrated in a chemical-technological process. System response depended on xrratio of solvent to basic material, g/1 x2-temperature of reaction mixture, °C and x3-reaction time, min. The system response has been the yield of a pharmaceutical product (carbo-methoxysulphanyl guanidine) in per cent. Based on theoretical knowledge the yield may reach 95%, but in practice only a half of this has been reached. 

New enzymes for organic synthesis continue to represent a challenge both for those who prepare them as well as for those who finally apply them. The improved accessibility of enzymes as industrial catalysts has led to a large number of practical processes. The times are long past when it was believed that, at best, hydrolases would be suitable for industrial operations. Today, there are examples of practical applications for almost all enzyme classes. 

One example of practical application of the above solution involves determination of allergens in sesame seeds, for which 2-D electrophoresis and Edman degradation methods have been employed (Beyer et al., 2002) (Section 3.4 contains more information on this issue). 

Well-demonstrated examples of practical applications of catalytic currents of hydrogen evolution are analyses of proteins. Those proteins, which contain in their structure one or more sulfur atoms, yield in ammoniacal so-... 

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