Feasibility Stage

The applications described in this second part of the chapter are intended to illustrate the wide range of uses for NIR in the chemical industry. The selection of examples was intentionally limited to work done within industry and published in the open literature in order to keep the focus on work that has demonstrated business value. However, it has been the authors experience that for every industrial NIR application published in the open literature there are at least two others practiced as trade secrets for business reasons. This is especially true for on-hne applications that have progressed beyond the feasibility stage, since the NIR results can reveal a great deal of information about the chemical process itself - information which industry managers are often reluctant to share. Pubhshed industrial applications should therefore be considered merely the tip of the iceberg. 

However, for some assay kits, a degree of benefit can be gleaned at an early stage from the manufacturer s quoted performance criteria. This information may also help in deciding other factors to be evaluated, such as optimum batch size and number of replicates required. This information can often replace some of the experiments that would be conducted in the method development/feasibility stage of a newly developed method. A note of caution is, however, worthy here. It is the authors experience that the information received from different manufacturers may have been derived in quite different ways, using either different experiments or sample numbers/batches and may not be reproducible. That said, it has been our experience that performance criteria are often improved from those quoted by the manufacturer when assays are established in the investigator s own laboratory. 

Note also that although EP, USP and WHO extractive procedures (see also BS 5736 parts 1-10) give only limited information and are usually mandatory only for eye products and injectables, this type of test may be useful for company assessment of various types of plastics. Compatibility tests at the feasibility stage may involve so-called accelerated or stress conditions. It should be recorded that higher temperatures may in some way either destroy the pack or make it less effective,... 

Compatibility requirements—with product, involving testing stages, i.e. feasibility stages (investigational) and formal stability stages. 

At the feasibility stage, foimdation movements are often estimated with available elastic solutions. The vertical (Pv), horizontal (Ph), and rotational (a) movements of a rigid circular foundation with radius (R) and supported on elastic half-space can be computed from the following equations (Yoimg et al., 1975) ... 

Consideration of maintenance and demolition issues arc key requirements of CDM. It is essential that consideration should be given to how the coastal or maritime structure t ill be safely maintained and procedures for demolition implemented if appropriate. Consideration to whole life safety should be an issue when considering whole life cost as part of the Project Appraisal Procedure at feasibility stage. This kind of approach is illustrated in Box 7.10. 

In the recent past, underground mass mines in Australia have been developed to depths where both belt conveyors and hoists are feasible options. Both options are usually considered during the pre-feasibility stage of projects. 

In 2010, AECOM Austraha conducted a Fejisibihty Study for the GFN underground infrastructure and materials hcuidhng systems, intended to study the options selected at the Pre-Feasibility stage for the purpose of ... 

One of the major differences between the IHT Guidelines and the Standard is the recommendation that an audit should be carried out at the feasibility stage (Stage F). IHT considers that if a scheme is... 

Hampshire County Council is one authority that has adopted the Standard with some variations. For example, the County Council regularly carries out Feasibility Stage Road Safety Audits on large schemes for small schemes the site visit may be carried out by one auditor at Stage 3 the audit team assesses the need to carry out a night-time visit. 

Methodolo for undertaking feasibility Stage, Stage 1 and Stage 2 Road Safety Audits... 

Only one feasibility stage Road Safety Audit was carried out. This stage is not included in the Road Safety Audit Standard but is suggested in the current IfTT Safety Audit Guidelines. 

The FBNR concept is being developed mostly with own resources of the UFRGS. The development is currently at a design feasibility stage. An R D programme has been planned to include the completion of the conceptual design construction of a full size non-nuclear hydraulic facility and studies of neutronic, thermal-hydraulic, and fuel behaviour. 

The risks of hydraulic hazards such as tsunamis should be analysed at the initial (feasibility) stage of a reclamation project. The frequency of occurrence and the expected impact of extreme events should be properly evaluated and related to the expected costs for protection against such events. Such a risk-cost assessment should be the basis for the design of reclamation areas in terms of being hazard-proof or not. 

Road Safety Audit be carried out for the developer with the Road Safety Audit report being checked by in-house staff At least one local highway authority has adopted the method described in the HA standard, and appoints a development control officer to act as the client from the Feasibility Stage to the adoption of the highway. The appointed person controls the road safety process, and liaises with the developer and the Road Safety Audit team. 

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