Innovative Application Examples

In this section some examples of precision engineering prototypes are presented that apply electrically heated shape memory actuators as driving elements. Further on flexure hinges of pseudo-elastic SM alloys will be presented. 

General Aspects. Mechanical grippers have a variety of applications and for that reason will very likely be the most often used grippers also in micro assembly. There are some differences to common assembly procedures to be considered when assembling very small parts. For grippers, the required properties are briefly summarized  

Miniaturized copies of conventional grippers designed for macro handling of systems cannot meet the special requirements posed by the small dimensions of micro parts. Small gripper size and clean-room suitability are achieved, for example, by observing the following rules  

Use of solid state actuators. Small shape memory actuators can apply relatively high forces and strokes, can be well integrated into the grippers mechanical structure, and do not emit particles into the clean-room environment. 

The micro gripper in Fig. 6.61 consists of a silicon structure with a dimension of approximately 7 x 4mm. In the open position the gripping jaws are 0.5 mm apart. The flexure hinges have a minimum thickness of 30 im. By machining a sputtered NiTi foil the SMA actuator has been realized with a minimum thickness of 30 pm. The gripping force averages by circa 11 mN. 

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Lusardi, M., Bosio, B., Arato, E. (2004). An example of innovative application in fuel cell system development COj segregation using molten carbonate fuel cell. /. 

Poison titration is a convenient way to measure the concentration of active sites. The best procedure is to use a simple pulse reactor, such as that in Fig. 7.26. Pulses of a poisoning agent are injected between reactant pulses. If all the poison adsorbs irreversibly, then activity declines with each pulse. Typical results arc shown in Fig. 7.27, in which hydrogen sulfide poisons metal sites. Extrapolation of the activity curve to zero gives the amount of poison necessary to neutralize the active sites. A knowledge of surface stoichiometry is necessary to proceed further. For example, in Fig. 7.27 the assumed ratio was two nickel for each sulfur. This technique has the potential for innovative application to many systems. 

Air decontamination is another potential innovative application of photocatalysis. Chapter VIII focuses on air decontamination using Photo-CREC reactors. Several examples are provided by examining the photoconversion of acetone, iso-propanol, and acetaldehyde. Special attention is paid to the quantum efficiencies for air decontamination, exceeding 100% in many cases, which demonstrates the distinctive chain mechanism character of the photoconversion of organic pollutants in air. 

To summarize the points discussed, silicone rubbers are innovative. An example of this are inserts in LSR showerheads which do not become blocked and can be produced cost-effectively in the injection-molding process as composite elements with thermoplastic nylon 6.6 30 % glass fiber. Silicone rubbers, however, are also high performance, and this is evident particularly in the many applications where they have been used for years at high temperatures, for exsample seals in irons or other domestic appliances. And not least, silicone rubbers are also efficient. An example of this molds for prototyping without which cost-effective production of individual items would not in fact be possible. 

Applications of the additive mechanism have often remained speculative because both vinylogous and additive pathways can provide the same product and because the preferred mechanism can depend on delicate changes in reaction conditions. Nonetheless, some examples exist in the literature (see next section) concerning the application of additive Pummerer reactions, and we present an innovative application of this Pummerer variant which is preceded by an interrupted Pummerer activation in the next section of this chapter. 

The present research and development on LC display technology is conducted primarily in industrial labs. Academic research focuses mainly on more exciting and explorative topics that can not only stimulate fundamental scientific interest, but offer tremendous potential for innovative applications beyond the realm of displays, for example, new materials and attractive properties, and new uses in optics, nano/micromanipulation, novel composites, and biotechnology [7]. Future applications depend on the increase of complexity and functionality in LC materials and phases. The past three decades have seen the discovery of complex LC molecules with a variety of new shapes for instance, disc shape (Fig. 6.1b) [8], bent-core shape (Fig. 6.1c) [9], H shape (Fig. 6.1d) [10-13], board shape (Fig. 6.1e) [14,15], T shape (Fig. 6.1f) [16], cone shape (Fig. 6.1g) [17], and semicircular shape (Fig. 6.1h) [18]. The shapes of the molecules are not exactly associated with the types of mesophases formed. Like rod-shaped molecules, each complex shape is likely to organize a nematic, Sm, Col, and 3D-ordered mesophases [19,20]. The incorporation of functionality, amphiphilicity, and nano-segregation into these molecular shapes offers different ways to increase the complexity of LC phases. 

All of these examples outline the crucial role of the dye in the formulation and the last developments should initiate novel possible applications for the future. Considering the high efficiency already attained today and the large potential expected in many innovative applications (e.g. in optics, holography, dentistry, medicine, imaging, manufacture of micro-and nano-structured materials, etc.), the development of radical PISs adapted to visible and NIR lights should continue. 

Carbon materials always play a vital role in our lives mainly via innovative applications and origination of new materials [1-6] without which it is impossible to imagine our modem lives. AU the most significant milestones in the progression of our society are closely associated with advancement in the materials throughout the history [1, 2, 6]. For example, the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, steel age (industrial revolution), silicon, and silica age (communication revolution). All these reflect that our modem civilization and daily life in the twenty-first century depends on an unlimited variety of materials of varying degrees of sophistication [2-6]. Thus, materials science plays a central role in our daily life. Therefore, materials are... 

Marshall has reported an innovative application of the Wittig rearrangement in the synthesis of the 14-membered cembrenoid carbocycles (Scheme 16.21) [104], The stereoselectivity of this process is coupled with the conformational preferences of the macrocyclic ether. The rearrangement reaction of the 17-membered macrocycle 187 provided a 90% yield of the 14-membered alcohols, with 188 as the major diastereomer (dr=81 7 6 7). This represents a remarkable example of macrocyclic stereocontrol (see also Chapter 1) to effect a stereoselective ring-contraction by use of a Wittig rearrangement. 

Padwa extensively studied a collection of innovative applications of [l,3]-di-polar cycloadditions involving carbonyl ylides [58]. The sequence in which 38 is converted into the aspidosperma alkaloid 40 serves as a striking example (Scheme 18.10) [60]. Treatment of the diazoketone 38 with Rh2(OAc)4 leads to the formation of a putative ylide 39, which captures the electron-rich... 

Because of the complexity of the polyether antibiotics tittle progress has been made in stmcture determination by the chemical degradation route. X-ray methods were the techniques most successfully applied for the early stmcture elucidations. Monensin, X206, lasalocid, lysocellin, and salinomycin were included in nineteen distinct polyether x-ray analyses reported in 1983 (190). Use of mass spectrometry (191), and H (192) and nmr (141) are also reviewed. More recently, innovative developments in these latter techniques have resulted in increased applications for stmcture determinations. Eor example, heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity (hmbc) and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy were used to solve the stmcture of portimicin (14) (193). East atom bombardment mass spectrometry was used in solving the stmctures of maduramicin alpha and co-factors (58). 

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