Examples of industrial applications

It is important that chemical engineers master an understanding of metabolic engineering, which uses genetically modified or selected organisms to manipulate the biochemical pathways in a cell to produce a new product, to eliminate unwanted reactions, or to increase the yield of a desired product. Mathematical models have the potential to enable major advances in metabolic control. An excellent example of industrial application of metabolic engineering is the DuPont process for the conversion of com sugar into 1,3-propanediol,... 

Some examples of industrial applications of acid-treated clays (Adopted in part from Chitnis and Sharma, 1997) ... 

This achievement was unique in two respects 1) it was the first example of industrial application of a homogeneous enantioselective catalysis methodology and 2) it represented a rare example of very quick convergence of basic knowledge into commercial application. The monophosphine ligand CAMP was shortly replaced by the related diphosphine ligand DIPAMP which improved the selectivity for the I-DOPA system up to 95% ee [45]. 

Many of the considerations discussed above in connection with organic chemistry are, of course, also valid for polymer technology. Solvents for polymers, used in such materials as paints and lacquers, and as media for the polymerization reaction, provide examples of industrial applications of solvating media. 

Reaction 9.1 has been extensively studied to establish the mechanism of asymmetric hydrogenation. The catalytic cycle proposed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of the methyl ester of a-acetamido cinamic acid with 9.14 as the precatalyst is shown in Fig. 9.3. As mentioned earlier, this reaction is one of the early examples of industrial applications of asymmetric catalysis for the manufacture of L-DOPA (see Table 1.1). 

Cationic polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane provides one of a few examples of industrial application of cationic ring-opening polymerization. Polymerization leads to polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde, polyacetal), important engineering plastic. Polyformaldehyde may also be obtained by anionic polymerization of formaldehyde and this process is also used in industry. 

This book describes the principal physico-chemical techniques for characterising the catalysts used in searching for new active phases, optimising the formulation and monitoring industrial production. Based on courses given at the Institut Fran ais du Petrole for research technicians in the fields of kinetics and catalysis, this book covers useful basic theory and provides numerous examples of industrial applications. 

The ex-situ presulfided catalyst has a metal form of stable intermediate oxysulfide with the sulfur amount sufficient enough to be converted to the working sulfided form. Therefore after loading the catalyst into a reactor, the activation can be done with hydrogen gas without requiring any sulfur compound addition. The development and application of ex-situ presulfided catalysts have been discussed in previous papers (8-12). The reactions which take place during the activation of the catalyst will first be presented and then followed by an example of industrial application. 

Table 10.3 presents a few examples of industrial applications of fluidized beds for synthesis reactions. Other examples are given by [146, 82, 53, 58]. 

One of the first examples of industrial application of selective direct fluorination was the synthesis of the cytostatic 5 -fluorouracil. In the most commonly used process the precursor uracil is treated with nitrogen-diluted fluorine in hot water and the intermediate fluorohydrin is subsequently dehydrated either by heating the aqueous solution to 100 °C or with sulfuric acid [18] (Scheme 2.6.). 

Examples of industrial applications of supercritical fluids can be found in pharmaceutical chemistry or in the synthesis of fine chemicals. 

There are some examples of industrial applications of aqueous-phase homogeneous catalysis which will be described in Section 2.5. 

The advantages of shell catalysts are short transport or dilfusion paths, a pore structure independent of the support, and better heat transport in the catalyst layer. Examples of industrial applications of shell catalysts are ... 

Ion-track technology based on the irradiation of thin films of various materials with accelerated heavy ions is one example of industrial application of ionizing radiation (Waheed et al. 2009). Modern heavy ion accelerators employed for irradiation of materials on the industrial scale provide beams in the 10-100 MeV/u energy range, which expands the treatment depth of considered films up to millimeters (Apel 2003). 

Heat pump dryers are gaining recognition as energy efficient drying devices for production of quality products. The following sections are devoted to selected examples of industrial applications of the heat pump dryer. 

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