Salts table

With the more concentrated solution the results, as regards loss of intermolecular selectivity, were similar to those obtained with nitronium salts (table 4.1, column a), whilst with the more dilute solution a more usual situation was revealed. The significance of the former observations is again open to doubt because of the likelihood that mixing was relatively slow, and also because reaction upon encounter is here a serious probability. 

Cvanine Dves Derived from Thiazolium Salts TABLE 312D Ph... 

The first identified complexes of unsubstituted thiazole were described by Erlenmeyer and Schmid (461) they were obtained by dissolution in absolute alcohol of both thiazole and an anhydrous cobalt(II) salt (Table 1-62). Heating the a-CoCri 2Th complex in chloroform gives the 0 isomer, which on standirtg at room temperature reverses back to the a form. According to Hant2sch (462), these isomers correspond to a cis-trans isomerism. Several complexes of 2,2 -(183) and 4,4 -dithiazolyl (184) were also prepared and found similar to pyridyl analogs (185) (Table 1-63). Zn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) chelates of 2.4-/>is(2-pyridyl)thiazole (186) and (2-pyridylamino)-4-(2-pyridy])thiazole (187) have been investigated. The formation constants for species MLr, and ML -" (L = 186 or 187) have been calculated from data obtained by potentiometric, spectrophotometric, and partition techniques. 

Potassium Phosphates. The K2O—P20 —H2O system parallels the sodium system in many respects. In addition to the three simple phosphate salts obtained by successive replacement of the protons of phosphoric acid by potassium ions, the system contains a number of crystalline hydrates and double salts (Table 7). Monopotassium phosphate (MKP), known only as the anhydrous salt, is the least soluble of the potassium orthophosphates. Monopotassium phosphate has been studied extensively owing to its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties (see Ferroelectrics). At ordinary temperatures, KH2PO4 is so far above its Curie point as to give piezoelectric effects in which the emf is proportional to the distorting force. There is virtually no hysteresis. 

If the one-point calibration in ambient air is not sufficient, the next best approach is to use the calibration box method.- The air state is created in a closed box made of nonhygroscopic material, like metal or plastic. A controlled state of humidity is maintained by exposing the air in the box to a liquid surface of a saturated salt solution. In practice, a dish containing the saturated water solution of a salt is placed on supports at the bottom of the box. The air in the box is circulated by means of a small fan. The box should be airtight and positioned in a constant temperature environment. The calibrated instruments are placed in the box. A dewpoint hygrometer can be used as a reference. A wide range of humidity can be created by using solutions of different salts. Table 12.5 shows a few examples of equilibrium humidities achieved with different salt solutions. 

Bromodifluoromethylphosphonium bromide has also been used m chain extension reactions to form dienes [42] (equation 42) or in bisdifluoromethylena-tion of diones [43] (equation 43) or halofluoromethanes [44], which may themselves be used in the preparation of new phosphomum salts (Table 16)... 

Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts Table 12.10 Factors affecting the rate of polyphosphate degradation... 

C. Cross-Coupling of Halogenopyrazoles with Terminal Acetylenes and Their Copper(I) Salts (Tables X to XV)... 

Reduction in cation symmetry (ideally to Cl) lowers the freezing point and markedly expands the range of room-temperature liquid salts. Table 3.1-4 shows the effect of symmetry for a series of [NR4]X salts, in which all the cations contain 20 carbon atoms in the allcyl substituents [44]. 

Benzaldehyde was also treated with a range of tosylhydrazone salts (Table 1.5). Good selectivities were generally observed with electron-rich aromatic salts (Entries 1-3), except in the furyl case (Entry 7). Low yields of epoxide occurred when a hindered substrate such as the mesityl tosylhydrazone salt was used. 

At low ionic strengths, Tm increases exponentially with ion activity. The effect of high concentrations of salts or miscible solvents depends on the influence they have on hydrogen-bonding and may increase or decrease Tm. In the case of xanthan gum, the value of Tm can be adjusted from ambient to over 200°C by the addition of appropriate salts. Table 7.2 presents Tm values for some industrial viscosifiers. 

See also salt, table salt sodium chlorocyanurate. See sodium dichloroisocyanurate sodium citrate, 19, 50, 51,52, 53, 64, 80, 100... 

Cyanine Dyes Derived from ThiazoJium Salts TABLE 121. KETOMETHYLENE COMPOUNDS... 

Formulation(s) cps. 300 mg (as sodium salt) nasal drops 2.3 % (as sodium salt) tabl. 200 mg (as lithium salt)... 

The complete dissociation of the hydrocarbons [l 2 ], [28" 2 ] and [40" 2 ] in DMSO has been demonstrated by quantitative generation of both Kuhn s carbanion [2 ] and carbocations [1" ], [28" ] and [40" ] as determined by UV-vis spectra (Table 6 and Eig. 4). However, since carbocation [24 ] has no absorptions at a wavelength region longer than 220 nm in the UV spectrum, there remained an ambiguity that this cation might have decomposed in the DMSO solution. A clue to this problem could be obtained by determination of the electric conductivity of DMSO solutions of hydrocarbon salts (Table 7) (Okamoto et al., 1990). 

Table 38 lists pigments which have been tested for carcinogenicity [20]. Organic pigment lakes, whose free acidic functions makes them at least partially water soluble, were tested in the form of their soluble sodium salts (Table 39) [41]. 

The reactivity of complexed KOt-Bu (i.e. complexed by a mixture of [20] and [21]) towards l-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene is almost the same as that of the quaternary ammonium salt (Table 23). Sam and Simmons (1974) also observed comparable reactivities of KBr or KI complexed by [20] and the... 

It is noteworthy that benzyltriethylammonium chloride is a slightly better catalyst than the more lipophilic Aliquat or tetra-n-butylammonium salts (Table 5.2). These observations obviously point to a mechanism in which deprotonation of the amine is not a key catalysed step. As an extension of the known ability of quaternary ammonium halides to form complex ion-pairs with halogen acids in dichloromethane [8], it has been proposed that a hydrogen-bonded ion-pair is formed between the catalyst and the amine of the type [Q+X—H-NRAr] [5]. Subsequent alkylation of this ion-pair, followed by release of the cationic alkylated species, ArRR NH4, from the ion-pair and its deprotonation at the phase boundary is compatible with all of the observed facts. 

The following list summarizes the acidic and basic properties of salts. Table 9.1 shows the acid-base properties of salts in relation to the acids and bases that react to form them. 

---