Case Studies 2 Selected Applications Examples

The diversity and depth of these technological advances in the field of NMR are invaluable for a wide variety of applications. Prudent decision-making is necessary to select the most advantageous NMR technologies and approaches specific for each individual application. Such selections are often made in order to overcome limitations in sensitivity or resolution, or both. The following case studies demonstrate representative examples of how modern NMR technologies and techniques have been employed to solve real-life scientific challenges. 

On the other hand, in part II of this volume, a set of case studies are introduced. The application of the selected methodologies inside each one of the foresaid disciplines (e.g., risk assessment, life cycle assessment) to specific cases and countries is presented here. The results of such application are discussed as well as their reliability. Toxicological studies in Italy, risk assessment of electronic waste in China, or disposal of bearing lamps in India are some examples of selected scenarios. 

At present, the calculation and mapping of critical loads for heavy metals is only at the beginning and in Europe there are only a few examples of application of methods described in Section 3.2. We will refer to case studies from Germany and Russia as the most characteristic research in this direction. The typical endpoints in these calculations refer to critical concentrations of different heavy metals in the ecosystems. The determination of the given critical concentrations is still uncertain and the relevant risk assessment calculated as an exceedance of critical loads should be based on selecting values of critical concentrations (see 3.2.2). 

This section reports selected case studies of organocatalytic reactions which have already been scaled up or which are process technology solutions with the potential for scale-up. These examples emphasize the potential of organocatalytic reactions for commercial-scale applications. The scale-up of the corresponding reactions ranges from larger lab scale applications to applications on a technical scale. The case studies discussed are ... 

In the following, several examples have been selected from actual case studies carried out in previous years in the author s laboratory. One of the experiences made is that at certain times specific off-odors seem to occur for different manufacturers, in other words the flavor of the month . This is apparently due to the widespread use of some technology for a particular application at a certain point in time. 

This chapter provides an overview of modern HPLC method development and discusses approaches for initial method development (column, detector, and mobile phase selection), method optimization to improve resolution, and emerging method development trends. The focus is on reversed-phase methods for quantitative analysis of small organic molecules since RPLC accounts for 60-80% of these applications. Several case studies on pharmaceutical impurity testing are presented to illustrate the method development process. For a detailed treatment of this subject and examples of other sample types, the reader is referred to the classic book on general HPLC method development by L. Snyder et al.1 and book chapters2,3 on pharmaceutical method development by H. Rasmussen et al. Other resources include computer-based training4 and training courses.5... 

This chapter has presented many examples of the effective use of computational chemistry in peptide mimetic design. Clearly, computational chemistry can play a very useful role as part of the overall design process. A number of the peptidomimetics discussed here have been selected for further study as potential drug candidates or even reached the market.It therefore seems reasonable to claim that several of the case studies represent success stories in the application of computer-assisted molecular design (CAMD). This section briefly summarizes how computational chemistry techniques of different types... 

Select applications of chiral Brpnsted acid, chiral Brpnsted base, and chiral PTC have been demonstrated in this chapter as representative examples of asymmetric non-covalent organocatalytic processes. To farther directly contrast covalent and non-covalent organocatalysis, two case studies that highlight select acyl transfer and pericyclic strategies follow. 

Fig. 9. Selected ISO 286 fits ap>plied on the case study mechanical drawing 6.2 Application example of RE geometrical tolerancing...

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