Fields of Application and Process Examples

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is gaining more importance with the requirement of low energy consumption and is in competition with rectification processes. It is favored as a preseparation process if  

Raffinate phase (carrier phase T+key component residue solvent residue) 

Extract phase (solvent L+key component S+ carrier residue) 

j l molar fraction of component 1 in coexisting phases at equilibrium state (raffinate and extract phase at equilibrium state). 

Higher expenditure for LLE compared with distillation is worthwhile if a solvent of high selectivity, characterized by the separation factor a, is readily available. Invest- 

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