Industrial applications examples

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, energy transfer, and associated phenomena such as combustion and chemical reactions by means of computer-based simulation. CFD codes numerically solve the mass-continuity equation over a specific domain set by the user. The technique is very powerful and covers a wide range of industrial applications. Examples in the field of chemical engineering are ... 

Supported bimetallic catalysts find many industrial applications. Examples include Pt and Rh in automobile exhaust conversion catalysts and Pt and Re (or Pt and Sn or Pt and Ir) in naphtha reforming catalysts. 

The focus of this chapter is to provide an overview of pyrolysismodeling techniques, with emphasis on industrial applications. Examples are outlined for the case light hydrocarbon and naphtha pyrolysis. 

Multi-phase catalytic reactions have attracted some attention but the area has not in our opinion been fully exploited. Previous studies have demonstrated that the yields obtained with the catalytic membrane reactors are often better than the yields obtained with more conventional reactors. Future research in this area must involve reactions with more immediate industrial applications. Examples of such reactions could be the hydrogenation reactions studied by Gryaznov and co-workers with dense metallic membranes which we discussed earlier. New materials like zeolite membrane could offer some advantages here with their enhanced regio- or chemioselectivity. 

Several attempts have been made to prepare cationic ammonium starches with better performance and lower costs in a variety of industrial applications. Examples include starches blended with clay.2493-2510... 

Chemical Types Industrial Applications Examples of Compounds... 

Several publications associated with the project CESAR, see e.g. [3] and [4], discuss the use of contracts with respect to requirements engineering and safety standards, including ISO 26262, in general. In [5], this connection is elaborated on and a few examples (although not automotive) are shown where contracts could in fact be useful with respect to ISO 26262. However, none of [3], [4] nor [5] apply the theory on a real industrial system and mainly hypothesize about its usefulness when developing safety-critical systems. In this paper, we go in to further depths, showing an explicit use of contracts with respect to ISO 26262 by characterizing safety requirements as contracts for an industrial application example, namely the Fuel Level Display (FLD)-system, present on all heavy trucks from the manufacturer Scania. 

The double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids in the TAGs of vegetable oils can be modified in different ways to obtain reactive, technically useful derivatives of these oils. For example, the most widely reported and manufactured vegetable oil-based products are derivatives of epoxidized, hydroxylated or acrylated vegetable oils that find use in a wide range of industrial applications. Examples of these chemical reactions are shown in Fig. 5.1. Although the most notable... 

Finally, by volumetric imaging Three-dimensional information was obtained by stacking reflection tomograms from multiple planes. Using this stacking technique, cubic voxels were obtained and could be numerically dissected in any plane. Although there are several attractive features related to this technique, there are also several questions which need to be addressed before it can be used for industrial applications. For example, the applied sound field must be further characterized. 

In corrosion, adsorbates react directly with the substrate atoms to fomi new chemical species. The products may desorb from the surface (volatilization reaction) or may remain adsorbed in fonning a corrosion layer. Corrosion reactions have many industrial applications, such as dry etching of semiconductor surfaces. An example of a volatilization reaction is the etching of Si by fluorine [43]. In this case, fluorine reacts with the Si surface to fonn SiF gas. Note that the crystallinity of the remaining surface is also severely disrupted by this reaction. An example of corrosion layer fonnation is the oxidation of Fe metal to fonn mst. In this case, none of the products are volatile, but the crystallinity of the surface is dismpted as the bulk oxide fonns. Corrosion and etching reactions are discussed in more detail in section A3.10 and section C2.9. 

Other Industrial Applications. High pressures are used industrially for many other specialized appHcations. Apart from mechanical uses in which hydrauhc pressure is used to supply power or to generate Hquid jets for mining minerals or cutting metal sheets and fabrics, most of these other operations are batch processes. Eor example, metallurgical appHcations include isostatic compaction, hot isostatic compaction (HIP), and the hydrostatic extmsion of metals. Other appHcations such as the hydrothermal synthesis of quartz (see Silica, synthetic quartz crystals), or the synthesis of industrial diamonds involve changing the phase of a substance under pressure. In the case of the synthesis of diamonds, conditions of 6 GPa (870,000 psi) and 1500°C are used (see Carbon, diamond, synthetic). 

A key featui-e of MPC is that a dynamic model of the pi ocess is used to pi-edict futui e values of the contmlled outputs. Thei-e is considei--able flexibihty concei-ning the choice of the dynamic model. Fof example, a physical model based on fifst principles (e.g., mass and energy balances) or an empirical model coiild be selected. Also, the empirical model could be a linear model (e.g., transfer function, step response model, or state space model) or a nonhnear model (e.g., neural net model). However, most industrial applications of MPC have relied on linear empirical models, which may include simple nonlinear transformations of process variables. 

Generation Spontaneous generation of gas bubbles within a homogeneous liquid is theoreticaUy impossible (Bikerman, Foams Theoiy and Industrial Applications, Reinhold, New York, 1953, p. 10). The appearance of a bubble requires a gas nucleus as avoid in the liquid. The nucleus may be in the form of a small bubble or of a solid carrying adsorbed gas, examples of the latter being dust particles, boiling chips, and a solid wall. A void can result from cavitation, mechan-ic ly or acoustically induced. Blander and Katz [AlChE J., 21, 833 (1975)] have thoroughly reviewed bubble nucleation in liquids. 

Approved techniques for manual and mechanical sampling are often documented for various commodities handled in commerce by industiy groups. Examples are the International Standards Organization (ISO), British Standards Association (BSA), Japan Institute of Standards (JIS), American Society for Testing Materi s (ASTM), and the Fertihzer Institute. Sampling standards developed for use in specified industry applications frequently include instructions for labora-toiy work in sample preparation and analysis—steps (2) and (3) above. 

Galvanic cells in which stored chemicals can be reacted on demand to produce an electric current are termed primaiy cells. The discharging reac tion is irreversible and the contents, once exhausted, must be replaced or the cell discarded. Examples are the dry cells that activate small appliances. In some galvanic cells (called secondaiy cells), however, the reaction is reversible that is, application of an elec trical potential across the electrodes in the opposite direc tion will restore the reactants to their high-enthalpy state. Examples are rechargeable batteries for household appliances, automobiles, and many industrial applications. Electrolytic cells are the reactors upon which the electrochemical process, elec troplating, and electrowinning industries are based. 

Preform mouldings are particularly useful in carrying containers and protective covers. Examples of their use include television receiver backs, moulded suitcases and typewriter cases. Although the finish obtained during moulding is frequently adequate in industrial applications some improvement is necessary where a good appearance is desired. Methods used include painting or... 

Similar approaches are applicable in the chemical industry. For example, maleic anhydride is manufactured by partial oxidation of benzene in a fixed catalyst bed tubular reactor. There is a potential for extremely high temperatures due to thermal runaway if feed ratios are not maintained within safe limits. Catalyst geometry, heat capacity, and partial catalyst deactivation have been used to create a self-regulatory mechanism to prevent excessive temperature (Raghaven, 1992). 

Quite different flow problems of steady-state and transient nature can be treated. Examples of flow situations that are most important in industrial applications are as follows ... 

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