Description formation

The text/plain example above demonstrates that HTTP networks can support distributed information systems when given appropriate languages, that is, languages that describe abstractions appropriate to that information system. Many other standard MIME types are useful. Most are very specific, for example, image/gif is a specific format for bitmapped images, application/PDF is a page description format and application/tar is a 4.3 BSD archive. Some describe more general abstractions, for example, application/xml . Private (unauthorized) MIME types are also available, for example, chemical/x-pdb and chemical/x-smiles . 

This handbook is an encyclopedic treatment of chemical elements and their most important compounds intended for professionals and students in many areas of chemistry throughout the manufacturing, academic, and consulting communities. Chemicals are presented in alphabetical order in a descriptive format highlighting pertinent information on physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of chemicals, methods of preparation, industrial applications, chemical analyses, and toxic and hazardous properties. Synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers, brief history of discovery and natural occurrence are provided for many entries. The objective is to provide readers a single source for instant information about important aspects each substance. In this sense it should serve as a combination handbook and encyclopedia. 

Resource Description Format (RDF) is a way of making statements about subject-object-predicate triples. The subject, object, and predicate of each statement should each, at least in principle, have a Universal Resource Identifier (URI). Much of this chapter will be devoted to describing existing schemes for assigning URIs to subjects and objects. Rather less, and less rigorous, work has been done on predicates. 

Formation (geologic)—-A rock body distinguishable from other rock bodies and useful for mapping or description. Formations may be combined into groups or subdivided into members. 

Muller J. and Muller, K. (2004) TreeGraph Automated drawing of complex tree figures using an extensible tree description format. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4 786-788. Available from http //www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/system/downloads/... 

ODB++ Format. Orbitech developed ODB++ as a complete data description format used for design to manufacturing (DFM) and CAD/CAM data exchange. It contains all the relevant design data for manufacturing and assembly. See Sec. 18.3.4.1 for ODB details. 

In any case, because it is impossible to make a computer discover specific design organizations, such as a carry-save-adder tree for multiplication, it is necessary to store such specific organizations in the synthesis system. In designing SFL, we considered it very important that the description format for specific organzation input and the description format used by the designer be the same. 

OPTMAP provides a PCD (Physical Characteristics Description) format as the framework for describing the following information ... 

History shows, that these approaches are merely based on experience. Over lime, restrictions in the programming process have led to formalized description formats. Later, the description of these best practices as formalized activities lead to the development of process models as reference models or, as the example of UML shows, formalized description language. Certain principles such as, requirements are only accepted if they can be implemented and if tests show that they can be implemented correctly, influenced this strategic approach. 

Finally it should be noted that Chem. Abstr. indexes anions frequently, but by no means always, under the name of the respective parent system and in the rather descriptive format. ..ion(x-). 

The addition of components to this set of 92, the change of a few parameter values for existing components, or the inclusion of additional UNIQUAC binary interaction parameters, as they may become available, is best accomplished by adding or changing cards in the input deck containing the parameters. The formats of these cards are discussed in the subroutine PARIN description. Where many parameters, especially the binary association and solvation parameters are to be changed for an existing... 

The Car-Parrinello quantum molecular dynamics technique, introduced by Car and Parrinello in 1985 [1], has been applied to a variety of problems, mainly in physics. The apparent efficiency of the technique, and the fact that it combines a description at the quantum mechanical level with explicit molecular dynamics, suggests that this technique might be ideally suited to study chemical reactions. The bond breaking and formation phenomena characteristic of chemical reactions require a quantum mechanical description, and these phenomena inherently involve molecular dynamics. In 1994 it was shown for the first time that this technique may indeed be applied efficiently to the study of, in that particular application catalytic, chemical reactions [2]. We will discuss the results from this and related studies we have performed. 

In order to understand the Molfile format let us look at a sample file and recognize its fundamental structure. For simplicity, some less important details will be omitted in the discussion. For a complete description, users are referred to MDL s CTfile format specification [50],... 

Description by rotational lists was introduced by Cook and Rohde [110] in the specification of the Standard Molecular Data (SMD) format [111]. In this stereochemical approach, the basic geometrical arrangements around a stcrcoccntcr arc defined in a list (c.g., square, tetrahedron, etc.). The atoms in those stcrcoclcmcnts are also labeled with numbers in a pre-defined way (Figure 2-72),... 

In 1971 the Protein Data Bank - PDB [146] (see Section 5.8 for a complete story and description) - was established at Brookhaven National Laboratories - BNL -as an archive for biological macromolccular cr7stal structures. This database moved in 1998 to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics -RCSB. A key component in the creation of such a public archive of information was the development of a method for effreient and uniform capture and curation of the data [147], The result of the effort was the PDB file format [53], which evolved over time through several different and non-uniform versions. Nevertheless, the PDB file format has become the standard representation for exchanging inacromolecular information derived from X-ray diffraction and NMR studies, primarily for proteins and nucleic acids. In 1998 the database was moved to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics - RCSB. 

This section provides only a very brief overview of the file formats introduced above. Taking into account that the mmClF file format specifications alone already comprise about 1700 different entries [152], a detailed description of these file formats would occupy an entire book. 

PDB Format Description http //wmv.rcsh.Org/pdh/docs/format/pdbguide2.2/... 

Dalby A, J G Nourse, W D Hounshell, A K I Gushurst, D L Grier, B A Leland and J Laufer 1991 Description of Several Chemical Structure File Formats Used by Computer Programs Developei at Molecular Design Limited, journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science 32 244-255. 

The TINKER documentation provides a description of the input, but not a tutorial. Documentation is available as html. Acrobat, or postscript. A set of example input files is provided. The researcher can expect to invest some time in learning to use this system of programs. Most of the executables seem to be fairly robust and as tolerant as possible of variations in the input format. When... 

FIGURE 3 10 Bent bonds in cyclopropane (a) The orbitals involved in carbon-carbon bond formation overlap in a region that is displaced from the internuclear axis (b) The three areas of greatest negative electrostatic potential (red) correspond to those predicted by the bent bond description... 

Conditional Metal—Ligand Formation Constants Recognizing EDTA s acid-base properties is important. The formation constant for CdY in equation 9.11 assumes that EDTA is present as Y . If we restrict the pH to levels greater than 12, then equation 9.11 provides an adequate description of the formation of CdY . for pH levels less than 12, however, K overestimates the stability of the CdY complex. 

Inorganic Materials. Sol—gel chemistry involves first the formation of a sol, which is a suspension of soHd particles in a Hquid, then of a gel, which is a diphasic material with a soHd encapsulating a solvent. A detailed description of the fundamental chemistry is available in the Hterature (2—4). The chemistry involving the most commonly used precursors, the alkoxides (M(OR) ), can be described in terms of two classes of reactions ... 

One potential approach extends the idea of chemical amplification introduced in our preceding description of dry-film resists. In 1982, Ito and co-workers (37,38) recognized that if a photosensitizer producing an acidic product is photolyzed in a polymer matrix containing acid-labile groups, the acid will serve as a spatially localized catalyst for the formation or cleavage of chemical bonds. 

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