Ethoxylates alcohols, ethoxylated

ABS AE AE/P AES AG AOS APEO APG AS BiAS BM c6(EO)3 CNPEC CTAS D DATS DCPEG DEEDMAC branched alkylbenzene sulfonate alcohol ethoxylate alcohol ethoxylate/propoxylate alkylether sulfate alkyl glucamide a-olefin sulfonate alkylphenol ethoxylate alkyl polyglucoside alkyl sulfate bismuth active substances alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium triethylene glycol monohexyl ether carboxylated nonylphenoxy carboxylates cobalt thiocyanate active substances R2S10(o.5)2 dialkyl tetralinsulfonate dicarboxylated PEG ditallow ester of di(hydroxyethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride... 

Consider incorporating additives like monoalkyl quats, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated amines, or solvents for ultras (concentrated fabric softeners), since they usually solve dispersibility problem stemmed from high concentration. 

Feijtel, T.C.J. and Belanger, S.E. (1999) Predicted no-effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap. Environ Toxicol Chem, 18, 2653-2663. 

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonate salts (LAS), alcohol sulfate salts, alkylsulfonate salts, alkyl ether sulfate salts (AEOS), alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates... 

Sulphosuccinic acid esters should be grouped into mono- and diesters. The first step of the monoester sulphosuccinate synthesis is the esterification of a hydroxyl-bearing stock material by maleic acid anhydride. As stock materials, long-chain primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, or monoglycerides are generally used [10, p. 405 ff 75, 76]. 

Ethoxylated alcohols Ethoxylated fatty acids Lauryl sulfates Mono and diglycerides Nonionic surfactants Phosphate esters Quaternary surfactants Sorbitan derivatives... 

Sodium xylenestdfonate Ethoxylated alcohol Ethoxylated nonylphenol 9.5 EO Sodium metasilicate Water... 

Chemical ionisation has been used together with supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of ethoxylated species. Ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated alkylamines... 

Applications. More expensive than corresponding ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated amides have restricted usage the benefits of thickening, foam stabilization, and dispersibility are exploited in personal care cleansers.. ... 

Sulfosuccinate monoesters may be produced from an ethoxylated alcohol or ethoxylated alkanolamide. In such cases, possible low level impurities in the final product are free alcohol, alkanolamide, ethoxylated alcohol, ethoxylated alkanolamide, and PEG. 

Hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol can yield 2-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or straight-chain compounds by hydrogenolysis of the ring. Ethoxylation and propoxylation of furfuryl alcohol provide usefiil ether alcohols. 

The product secondary alcohols from paraffin oxidation are converted to ethylene oxide adducts (alcohol ethoxylates) which are marketed by Japan Catalytic Chemical and BP Chemicals as SOFTANOL secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Union Carbide Chemical markets ethoxylated derivatives of the materials ia the United States under the TERGlTOL trademark (23). 

Solvents. The most widely used solvent is deionized water primarily because it is cheap and readily available. Other solvents include ethanol, propjdene glycol or butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. There is a trend in styling products toward alcohol-free formulas. This may have consumer appeal, but limits the formulator to using water-soluble polymers, and requires additional solvents to solubilize the fragrance and higher levels of preservatives. 

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

An ammoniacal solution is added just before use to activate the hydrogen peroxide. Ammonia is preferred over sodium carbonate (40) or ethanolamines for maximum bleaching. The alkaline solution can be formulated iato a shampoo vehicle with oleate soaps or ethoxylated fatty alcohols. When the bleach is appHed to areas such as new hair growth, a viscous cream or paste may be preferred, formulated with fatty alcohols, alkanolamides, or other thickeners. 

These detergent range (C C ) odd and even linear internal olefins are fed to oxo-alcohol plants to produce C22 C2 semilinear alcohols. Most of the alcohols are ethoxylated and sold into detergent markets (8). Shell balances carbon numbers by a combination of the ethylene oligomerization extent. 

In the 1990s, the thmst of surfactant flooding work has been to develop surfactants which provide low interfacial tensions in saline media, particularly seawater require less cosurfactant are effective at low concentrations and exhibit lower adsorption on rock. Nonionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (215) and propoxylates (216), and alcohol propoxylates (216) have been evaluated for this appHcation. More recently, anionic surfactants have been used (216—230). 

Surfactants evaluated in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding include internal olefin sulfonates (259,261), linear alkyl xylene sulfonates (262), petroleum sulfonates (262), alcohol ethoxysulfates (258,261,263), and alcohol ethoxylates/anionic surfactants (257). Water-thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide, can reduce injected fluid mobiHty in alkaline flooding (264) and surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding (259,263). The combined use of alkah, surfactant, and water-thickening polymer has been termed the alkaH—surfactant—polymer (ASP) process. Cross-linked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant—polymer—alkaline agent formulations (265). 

Dispersants (qv) have been added to the pulper to maintain stickies in a colloidal state. The small particle size reduces the problems stickies cause on the paper machine and in paper products. Among the chemicals that have been used are fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, lignosulfonates, and naphthalene sulfonates (18). 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

Linear ethoxylates are the preferred raw materials for production of ether sulfates used in detergent formulations because of uniformity, high purity, and biodegradabihty. The alkyl chain is usually in the to range having a molar ethylene oxide alcohol ratio of anywhere from 1 1 to 7 1. 

Propoxylates, ethoxylates, and mixed alkoxylates of aUphatic alcohols or alkyl phenols are sulfated for use in specialty appHcations. 

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