Amines ethoxylates

These are prepared by the addition of EO to primary or secondary fatty amines. With primary amines, both hydrogen atoms on the amine group react with EO, and therefore the resulting surfactant has the structure  

The above surfactants acquire a cationic character if the EO units are small in number and if the pH is low however, at high EO levels and neutral pH they behave very similarly to nonionics. At low EO content the surfactants are not soluble in water, but become soluble in an acid solution. At high pH, the amine ethoxylates are water-soluble, provided that the alkyl chain length of the compound is not long (usually a Cj2 chain is adequate for reasonable solubihty at sufficient EO content). 

The above surfactants acquire a cationic character if the EO units are small in number and if the pH is low. However, at high EO levels and neutral pH they behave very 

They are a small class of surfactants with applications in the industrial sector rather than the detergent industry. They are produced using the same equipment as for alcohol ethoxylates but the first step is uncatalysed. Primary amine is dehydrated as normal under vacuum and the reactor nitrogen padded and the required ethylene oxide to produce diethanolamine is added. The addition of the second mole is more rapid than the first but then, even in the presence of excess ethylene oxide, there is little or no ethoxylation of the diethanolamine [32, 33]. This reaction is carried out at about 120°C  

RNH2 + CH2CH20 - RNHCH2CH2OH CH2CH20 + RNHCH2CH2OH - RN(CH2CH2OH)2 

Having achieved the first step the further ethoxylation is catalysed with base, sodium or potassium hydroxide, to give the degree of ethoxylation required. The reaction temperature is about 150°C. The two main materials produced commercially are the diethanolamines, which are used in plastics as antistatic or anti-fog agents and the 15-mol ethoxylate, which is used as an adjuvant in herbicide formulations. 

Trade name Alkyl radical Ethylene oxide Average mol wt. Water solubility  

The amines used are typically coco or tallow amines although others can be used for specialities. The major producer is probably Akzo Nobel with their Ethomeen range, which is shown in Table 5.6. 

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Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

Ether carboxylates have also been used in formulations with ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated and propoxylated nonionics, or ethoxylated castor oil and alkanolamides for one-bath dyeing or printing with cationic and anionic or disperse dyes [176],... 

P. R. Hart. Method of breaking water-in-oil emulsions by using quaternary alkyl amine ethoxylates. Patent US 5250174, 1993. 

Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce the corrosion of surface equipment, surface casing, and the drill string by drilling and well treatment fluids. Many different corrosion inhibitors have been used. These include amine salts such as ammonium sulfite -bisulfite blends, zinc carbonate, zinc chromate, hydrated lime, fatty amine salts of alkylphosphates, cationic polar amines, ethoxylated amines, and tertiary cyclic amines. Commercial products are usually proprietary blends of chemicals. 

Amine-epoxy resin systems, 10 443 Amine equivalent weight (AEW), 10 399 Amine ethoxylates, 24 150-151 Amine extractants, 10 791 Amine functional curing agents,... 

The most common nonionic surfactants are those based on ethylene oxide, referred to as ethoxylated surfactants. Several classes can be distinguished alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers (sometimes referred to as polymer surfactants). Another important class of nonionics are the multihydroxy products such as glycol esters, glycerol (and polyglycerol) esters, glucosides (and polyglucosides), and sucrose esters. Amine oxides and sulfinyl surfactants represent nonionic with a small head group. 

Adjuvants/activity Fatty amine ethoxylates and Wetting, penetration aids... 

Bitumen additives to give wet adhesion to road aggregates Quaternary ammonium compounds Imidazoline derivatives Amine ethoxylates Wetting agents... 

Acid toilet cleaners Fatty amine ethoxylates Fatty alcohol EO/PO co-polymers Wetting agents with acid stability... 

Solvent degreasers Fatty alcohol ethoxylates EO/PO co-polymers Amine ethoxylates Polyglycol esters Emulsifiers... 

De-watering fluid Amine ethoxylates Alkanolamides De-watering... 

Flow promoters and Amine ethoxylates Viscosity modifiers... 

Antistatic agents Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Amine ethoxylates Phosphate esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

Emulsion breakers are typically specific for site or crude-oil type. Conventional emulsion breakers are most commonly formulated from the following types of chemistries polyglycols and polyglycol esters, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated resins, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyhydric alcohols, and sulfonic acid salts. Commercial emulsion breakers may contain but one type of active ingredient or intermediate or a variety of intermediate types. 

Surfactants Ionic, anionic (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulphate, Cj2H250S03 Na ), cationic (e.g., cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Ci,H33-N+(CH3)3C1-), zwitterionic [e.g., 3-dimethyldodecylamine propane sulphonate (betaine CJ2H25-N" (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-S03)], nonionic, alcohol ethoxylates C H2 +i-0-(CH2-CH2-0) -H, alkyl phenol ethoxylates C H2 +i-CgH4-0-(CH2-CH2-0) -H, amine oxides (e.g., decyl dimethyl amine oxide, C10H21-N ( 113)2 0), and amine ethoxylates. 

Genamin. [Hoechst Celanese/Colcxants Surf. Hoechst AG] Amines, ethoxylated amines, or quaternaries base material, emulsifier, conditioner for hair care and industrial prods. 

Znsomin. [Zschimmer Schwarz] Fatty amine ethoxylate basic material for textile and dyeii auxiliaries. 

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