Alkanolamides ethoxylated

These are two chemically different groups of products which have distinct application fields. Both product groups are obtained by reacting maleic acid anhydride (MA) with hydroxyl group(s)-carrying molecules, followed by sulfation of the intermediate product, an ester. Whereas the diester types are mainly made from a few different branched and unbranched alcohols, the monoester are derived from a wide variety of raw materials fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, their etho-xylates, and others. All these raw materials—with the exception of the branched chains—may be obtained from natural renewable resources. 

Sulphosuccinic acid esters should be grouped into mono- and diesters. The first step of the monoester sulphosuccinate synthesis is the esterification of a hydroxyl-bearing stock material by maleic acid anhydride. As stock materials, long-chain primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, or monoglycerides are generally used [10, p. 405 ff 75, 76]. 

Mixtures of an alkanolamide ethoxylate with any other ethoxylate or with unethoxylated alkanolamide can be analysed provided the degree of ethoxy lation of the alkanolamide ethoxylate is known. 

Chem. Descrip. Alkanolamide/ethoxylated alcohol blend... 

Fatty acid alkanolamide ethoxylate Fatty amine ethoxylate... 

Sulfosuccinate monoesters may be produced from an ethoxylated alcohol or ethoxylated alkanolamide. In such cases, possible low level impurities in the final product are free alcohol, alkanolamide, ethoxylated alcohol, ethoxylated alkanolamide, and PEG. 

AE, NPE, acid ethoxylates, amine ethoxylates, esters, ethoxylated esters, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, EO/PO copolymers LAS, alkyl sulfates, ether sulfates, isethionates, sulfosuccinate half ester, carboxylates, sarcosides, taurides, fatty acid alkanolamides, amine oxides, quaternary amines, betaines, imidazoline derivatives detection in personal care formulations... 

TABLE 10 TLC Analysis of Alkanolamide and Alkanolamide Ethoxylate Nonionic Surfactants... 

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

An ammoniacal solution is added just before use to activate the hydrogen peroxide. Ammonia is preferred over sodium carbonate (40) or ethanolamines for maximum bleaching. The alkaline solution can be formulated iato a shampoo vehicle with oleate soaps or ethoxylated fatty alcohols. When the bleach is appHed to areas such as new hair growth, a viscous cream or paste may be preferred, formulated with fatty alcohols, alkanolamides, or other thickeners. 

Another subclass of substituted amides that is of great commercial value is the ethoxylated amides. They can be synthesized from alkanolamides by chain extending with ethylene or propylene oxide or by ethoxylation directly from the primary amide (46—48). It was originally beheved that the stepwise addition of ethylene oxide (EO) would produce the monoethano1 amide and then the diethanolamide when sufficient ethylene oxide was added (49), but it has been discovered that only one hydrogen of the amide is substituted with ethylene oxide (50—53). As is typical of most ethylene oxide adducts, a wide distribution of polyethylene oxide chain length is seen as more EO is added. A catalyst is necessary to add ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to a primary or an ethoxylated amide or to ethoxylate a diethoxy alkanolamide synthesized from diethanolamine (54). 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Ether carboxylates have also been used in formulations with ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated and propoxylated nonionics, or ethoxylated castor oil and alkanolamides for one-bath dyeing or printing with cationic and anionic or disperse dyes [176],... 

Sulphosuccinates are of particular interest not only for their technical properties but also because structurally they combine the two hydrophile functions described earlier - the sulphonate and carboxylate moieties - in a single molecule (9.18). The sulphosuccinate diesters, however, are probably of greater commercial importance in textile processing than are the monoesters. The most important example is sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate (9.19), but the dinonyl, dimethylamyl and di-isobutyl analogues are also used commercially. As usual, a wide choice of hydrophobes is available and includes alcohols, lightly ethoxylated alcohols, alkanolamides and combinations of these. 

Hard surface cleaners Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alkanolamides Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Potassium oleic acid sulphonate Shorter chain alcohol ether sulphates Detergency high/low foaming... 

Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Alkyl ether sulphates Alkylbenzene sulphonates (amine salts) Alkylphenol ethoxylates Alkanolamides Alkylbenzene sulphonates (amine salts)... 

De-watering fluid Amine ethoxylates Alkanolamides De-watering... 

Antistatic agents Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Amine ethoxylates Phosphate esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

Monoester sulphosuccinates use a wider variety of alcohols than diesters and tend to use longer carbon chain alcohols to obtain the required HLB value from a single alkyl group. A typical product for cleansing applications would use a C12-14 alcohol derived from coconut or palm kernel oil. These materials are easily available due to their use as raw materials for sulphation (see later). Effective sulphosuccinates can also be prepared from petrochemical alcohols but these seem to be less popular. Ethoxylated alcohols (typically 3 mol of EO) are also used and can provide additional benefits in personal care applications. In some cases, alkanolamides or ethoxylated alkanolamides are used as the alcohol, such as ethoxylated cocomonoethanolamide, but they are relatively uncommon, since they are difficult to manufacture and are prone to colouration. 

Raw materials. The base materials for ether carboxylates are typically ethoxylated alcohols, although ethoxylated aromatics or alkanolamides may also be used but a wider range of alkyl chains and degrees of ethoxylation are used in ether carboxylates than in ether sulphates. Carbon chains from C4 to C20 and degrees of ethoxylation from 2 to 20 may be combined to give the required properties in the surfactant. 

Alkanolamides are nonionic surface active agents that hnd application in a multitude of uses. There are four major groups of fatty alkanolamides (1) mono-ethanolamides (MEA), (2) diethanolamides (DEA), (3) monoisopropanolamides (MIPA), and (4) ethoxylated or PEG alkanolamides. Each group has its own specific functions and uses in formulations. 

U.S. 6306805 (2001) Bratescu et al. (Stepan) Anionic-cationic bridging surfactant blends bridging surfactants selected from ethoxylated alkanolamide, semipolar nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic Clear solutions at a variety of concentrations in water impart cleaning, foaming, and conditioning properties to hair... 

Nonionic surfactant Ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide fatty acid 1-35... 

Ethylan . [HarcrosUK] Alkanolamides or ethoxylated ethers, esters, or amines detergent, wetting agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, solubilizer, antifoam, dispersant, andstat, foam booster/stabi-lizer, lubricant for industrial cleaners, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles. 

IconoL [BASF] Ethoxylated ethers or fatty acid alkanolamides detergent, emulsifier, foam stabilizer, lubricant penetrant dispersant finishing agent... 

Orimide. [Sqipic] Alkanolamides or ethoxylated fotty amides cosmetic additives. 

Upamide. [UPI] Fatty acid alkanolamide or ethoxylated fatty amides. 

Along with monoethanolamides (I), isopropanolamides (II) and diethanolamides (III), synthesized analogously, have a practical importance. Purer fatty acid mono- and diethanolamides containing some ethoxylated amides could be prepared by the reaction of fatty acid amides with controlled amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethoxylation of fatty acid amides results in mixtures of mono- and diethanolamides as well as polyethoxylated alkanolamides. 

---