Fatty acids alkanolamides and

Sulfated Acids, Amides, and Esters. Reaction with sulfuric acid may be carried out on fatty acids, alkanolamides, and short-chain esters of fatty acids. The disodium salt of sulfated oleic acid is a textile additive and an effective lime soap dispersant. A typical sulfated alkanolamide stmcture is CiiH23C0NHCH2CH20S03Na. Others include the sulfates of mono and diethanolamides of fatty acids in the detergent range. The presence of... 

Although diesters are mainly produced with alcohols, many different raw materials with hydroxyl groups are used in the case of monoesters. Fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, and its oxethylates are most commonly used [18]. Usual esterification catalysts such asp-toluenesulfonic acid are suitable as catalysts for diester production. 

Three primary surfactant systems—LAS, SAS, and FAS—are found worldwide in manual dishwashing detergents, often in combination with FAES. The performance of these primary surfactant systems can be enhanced by so-called cosurfactants, for example, betaines or fatty-acid alkanolamides and, especially, alkyl polyglycosides (Fig. 19) [51]. 

Hlkanolamides. The fatty acid alkanolamides are used widely ia shampoo formulations as viscosity and lather builders. They are formed by the condensation of a fatty acid with a primary or secondary alkanolamine. The early amides were compositions of 2 1 alkanolamine to fatty acid. Available technology allows the formation of amides with a 1 1 ratio of these additives. These amides are classified as superamide types. The typical amide used ia shampoo preparations usually contains the mono- or diethanolamine adduct, eg, lauric diethanolamide [120-40-1] (see Amides, fatty acid). 

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

Mining. Numerous patents have advocated the use of alkanolamines in mining appHcations. Triethanolarnine has been used as a depressent in the flotation of copper (164), in the electrotwinning of gold (165), and as an aid in the froth flotation of nickel ores. Phosphate ore flotation has been improved through the use of a fatty acid condensate with ethanolamine (166). Beneficiation of tin ore has been accompHshed using fatty acid alkanolamides (167). 

These are two chemically different groups of products which have distinct application fields. Both product groups are obtained by reacting maleic acid anhydride (MA) with hydroxyl group(s)-carrying molecules, followed by sulfation of the intermediate product, an ester. Whereas the diester types are mainly made from a few different branched and unbranched alcohols, the monoester are derived from a wide variety of raw materials fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, their etho-xylates, and others. All these raw materials—with the exception of the branched chains—may be obtained from natural renewable resources. 

Early oxidation hair dyes were used in solution form these have been replaced by cream- or gel-based formulas. The oil-in-water emulsions commonly used can be supplemented with auxiliary ingredients, such as polymers to improve combing ability, as well as other conditioning additives. Extensive patent literature is available on this point [35], Gel formulations may be based on alcoholic solutions of nonionic surfactants or fatty acid alkanolamide solutions, which form a gel when mixed with the oxidant. The type (emulsion or gel) and the basic composition of the preparation strongly influence dyeing [47], Different base formulations with the same dye content yield varying color depths and shading due to the distribution of the dye between the different phases of the product, interaction with surfactants, and diffusion from the product into the hair. 

Condensates of ethylene oxides with an amide. Fatty acid alkanolamides are amides of alkylolamines and fatty acids. Certain members of this class exhibit detergency and others do not. The nondetergent materials are converted into detergents by condensation with ethylene oxide. 

Glycerine is a byproduct that usually remains with the hnal product. The typical composition of the product consists of 80-85% alkanolamide, 5-7% or less free amine, and traces of fatty acid soap and other byproducts. 

Hartamide. [Hart Chem. Ltd.] Fatty acid alkanolamides couiding agent detergent foam and emulsion stabilizer, vise, regulator, lubricant antistat for doeigents and cosmetics. 

Inhibitor. [Zschimmer Schwarz] Fatty acid alkanolamide anticorrosion additive for metal cleaning and metal working lubricant in drilling and cutting oils. 

Monamid . [M< ia Industries] 1 1 Super fatty acid alkanolamides foam booster/stabilizer, vise, builder, solubilizer, coupler, wetting agent far personal care, household, and industrial cleaners. 

Monamine. [Mona Industries] 2 1 Fatty acid alkanolamides foam booster and stabilizer, emulsifier, detergent wetting agent corrosion inhibitor, vise, builder, lubricant dispersant for cosmetics, household and industrial cleaners, textiles, agric. sprays, leather and fur pr aradons. 

Stafoam. INvpon Oils Fats] Fatty acid alkanolamides detergent, foam bister and stabilizer, softener, antistat, rust inhibitor, penetrant for shanqtoo, cosmetics, dishwashing, laundty d rgent, dtydeaning, textile softener aux., and metal cleaning. 

Synotol. [Aquatec Quimica SA] Fatty acid alkanolamides or amine oxides foam stabilizer, thickener, superfatting agent for cosmetic and household ixeps. 

Mazamide . [PPG/Specialty Chem.] Fatty acid alkanolamides emulsifier, det ent, solubilizer, diit ener, lubricant, foam builder/stabilizer used in hard surface cleaners, dishwashes, met-alwodcing fluids, fibv and hair conditioners, dry cleaning, agric. sfuays, leatiiers, fur, polishes conosirm inhibitor. 

Along with monoethanolamides (I), isopropanolamides (II) and diethanolamides (III), synthesized analogously, have a practical importance. Purer fatty acid mono- and diethanolamides containing some ethoxylated amides could be prepared by the reaction of fatty acid amides with controlled amounts of ethylene oxide. Ethoxylation of fatty acid amides results in mixtures of mono- and diethanolamides as well as polyethoxylated alkanolamides. 

Fatty acid ethanolamides and isopropanolamides are solid or waxy products insoluble in water. Diethanolamides are usually pastes or liquids and show better dispersibility in water. In institutional and household formulations, shampoos, bath and shower preparations, fatty alkanolamides play the role of foam stabiliser, thickener, corrosion inhibitor, and ancillary agent that improves the skin compatibility of anionic surfactants. Undecylenic ethanolamide and undecylenic diethanolamide act as fungicides also [47]. Use of diethanolamine derivatives has legislative limitations today in some countries (but not its amides) because they are proved to be precursors of carcinogenic nitrosoamines. The probability of the nitrosoamine formation is assumed to increase in the presence of formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives [44-46]. 

Fatty acid alkanolamides are widely known as a secondary surfactant, namely as foam and detergency booster, co-emulsifier, viscosity modifier, hair and skin conditioner, corrosion inhibitor, and moderate antistatic [2, 22]. Some trade names of alkanolamides are as follows (I) Amidet A-lll Kao), Comperlan 100/LM Henkel), Empilan CME Albright Wilson), Lauridit KM Akzo Nobel), Monamid MEA Uniqema), Rewomid C/L/S/U Witco) (II) Empilan CIS/LIS Albright Wilson), Ninol M-10 Stepan), Rewomid IPE/IPL/IPP and Witcamide SPA (all of Witco)-, (III) Alkamide KD Rhodia), Aminol KDE Kao), Comperlan COD/KD/LD/ODA OD and Texamin PDl (all of Henkel), Empilan CDE/CDX/ 2502/LDE Albright Wilson), Lauridit KDG Akzo Nobel), Mackamide CS/LLM McIntyre)-, Purton CFD/SFD Zschimmer Schwarz), "Rewomid DC/ DO/F", "Rewocid DU 185 SE" and "Witcamide LDT/S" (all of Witco)-, (IV) Aminol A15 Kao). 

Shampoo bases have traditionally been blends of alcohol sulphate and a fatty acid alkanolamide, the latter functioning as a foam stabiliser. There are, however, some problems associated with alcohol sulphates - for example the sodium salts have poor solubility whilst ammonium salts, although more soluble, are potentially odorous. Triethanol amine neutralised alcohol sulphates have good solubility characteristics but are poor in colour and more expensive. 

Alkylpolyglycosides acid hydrolysis and extraction of fatty alcohol. Alkanolamides and their ethoxylates acid hydrolysis, extraction of fatty acid, titration of alkanolamine or ethoxylated alkanolamine. 

The polymer-surfactant complex has high surfeice viscosity and elasticity (i.e. surfeice viscoelasticity), both will enhance the foam stability (see below). The amphoteric surfactants such as betaines and the phospholipid surfeictants when used in conjunction with alkyl sulfeites or alkyl ether sulfeites can also enhance the foam stability. All these molecules strengthen the film of surfactant at the air/water interface, thus modifying the lather from a loose lacy structure to a rich, dense, small bubble size, luxurious foam. Several foam boosters have been suggested and these include fatty acid alkanolamide, amine oxides. Fatty alcohol and fatty acids can also act as foam boosters when used at levels of 0.25-0.5 %. Several approaches have been considered to explain foam stability (a) Surface viscosity and elasticity theory The adsorbed surfeictant film is assumed to control the mechanical-dynamical properties of the surface layers by virtue of its surface viscosity and elasticity. This may be true for thick films (> 100 nm) whereby intermolecular forces are less dominant. Some correlations... 

Another variation is the use of triglycerides, such as coconut oil, as the starting material. This involves the reaction of 1 mole of triglycerides with 6 moles of the alkanol-amine. The reaction can be catalyzed by sodium methylate at 60°C. Glycerine is a byproduct that usually remains with the final product. The typical composition of the product consists of 80-85% alkanolamide, 5-7% or less free amine, and traces of fatty acid soap and other byproducts. 

Compatibility with other surfactants is good for type 1 1 cationics must be avoided with type 2 1 due to the presence of the fatty acid. Alkanolamides of both types are good foamers and are even considered to be foam boosters admixed with anionics, they contribute to stabilize foams which otherwise would collapse in the presence of greasy soils and/or in hard water. 

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