Ethoxylated fatty alcohols

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

An ammoniacal solution is added just before use to activate the hydrogen peroxide. Ammonia is preferred over sodium carbonate (40) or ethanolamines for maximum bleaching. The alkaline solution can be formulated iato a shampoo vehicle with oleate soaps or ethoxylated fatty alcohols. When the bleach is appHed to areas such as new hair growth, a viscous cream or paste may be preferred, formulated with fatty alcohols, alkanolamides, or other thickeners. 

Prilling. A suspension of the ensyme is spray cooled ia waxy material, eg, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol, with a melting poiat over or about 50°C, to form small beads. Bead sise may be varied and surface coatings may be appHed. 

Synthetic fibers washing (Alkylphenol ethoxylates,) fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkane (olefine)-sulfonates, fatty alcohol (ether) sulfates, end-group-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates... 

There are two important methods for the synthesis of ether carboxylates from ethoxylated fatty alcohols ... 

Esters of ether carboxylic acids (propylated and/or ethoxylated) and fatty alcohols or ethoxylated fatty alcohols are described [40], prepared by esterification of the ether carboxylic acid and the alcohol with an acid catalyst like H2S04 or p-toluenesulfonic acid under vacuum and at a temperature of about 130°C. The purpose of these esters is to mainly use them in cremes and lotions with better conditioning and moisture controlling properties. 

The amount of residual sulfonate ester remaining after hydrolysis can be determined by a procedure proposed by Martinsson and Nilsson [129], similar to that used to determine total residual saponifiables in neutral oils. Neutrals, including alkanes, alkenes, secondary alcohols, and sultones, as well as the sulfonate esters in the AOS, are isolated by extraction from an aqueous alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. The sulfonate esters are separated from the sultones by chromatography on a silica gel column. Each eluent fraction is subjected to saponification and measured as active matter by MBAS determination measuring the extinction of the trichloromethane solution at 642 nra. (a) Sultones. Connor et al. [130] first reported, in 1975, a very small amount of skin sensitizer, l-unsaturated-l,3-sultone, and 2-chloroalkane-l,3-sultone in the anionic surfactant produced by the sulfation of ethoxylated fatty alcohol. These compounds can also be found in some AOS products consequently, methods of detection are essential. 

These are two chemically different groups of products which have distinct application fields. Both product groups are obtained by reacting maleic acid anhydride (MA) with hydroxyl group(s)-carrying molecules, followed by sulfation of the intermediate product, an ester. Whereas the diester types are mainly made from a few different branched and unbranched alcohols, the monoester are derived from a wide variety of raw materials fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, their etho-xylates, and others. All these raw materials—with the exception of the branched chains—may be obtained from natural renewable resources. 

In the sulfosuccinate esters a comparable hydrophobic part consists of the fatty chain plus the functionalities introduced by maleic acid anhydride function. The product variation would then be possible by changing the chain length and/or degree of saturation of the fatty alcohol. The fatty alcohol itself can be replaced by an ethoxylated fatty alcohol with different degrees of ethoxylation as another parameter to be varied. 

Glycols Fatty alcohol ethoxylate Fatty alcohol sulfosuccin. 

Simple mixtures—like in alkyl sulfosuccinates—can be run using only one solvent. For more complex systems (e.g., ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfosuccinates) a gradient technique is strongly recommended Technical mixtures of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate could be separated [68]. The separation was so effective that resolution of single homologs of ethoxylates was possible. The detection limit of this method lies at around 0.5 pg. Therefore reverse phase ion pair chromatography seems to be an excellent tool to analyze sulfosuccinates directly without the use of any kind of manipulation. 

A sodium sulfosuccinate monoester based on ethoxylated fatty alcohol will contain the substances shown in Table 6. The most important dialkyl sulfosuccinate is a dioctyl sulfosuccinate. Typical analytical data are given in Table 7. Typical analytical data for a sulfosuccinamate with a structure as shown previously, are given in Table 8. 

Heavy and detergent grade alkylates Fatty alcohols Ethoxylated fatty alcohols... 

The organic feedstock suitable for surfactant production (i.e., detergent-grade alkylates, fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, a-olefins, and fatty acid methyl esters) and the S03/gas are fed concurrently. 

Ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylphenols were used. The products available on the market make up homologous series containing an average of between 3 and 100 ethylene-oxide groups. They thus have a wide HLB (hydrophilic/lipophilic balance) range. Besides, they are among the least expensive surfactants on the market. 

As an anionic surfactant, a synthetic alkylate-base sulfonate containing about 60 % active material (Synacto 476) was used. To make it compatible with the injection water considered (composition in Table I) containing 1500 ppm Ca++ and Mg++ ions, a nonionic cosurfactant was combined with it, i.e. an unsaturated ethoxylated fatty alcohol with 8 ethylene oxide groups (Genapol). Their main characteristics and properties are listed in Table II. 

There is no molecular interaction between nonionic surfactants with an ethylene-oxide chain, i.e. Genapol and ethoxylated nonylphenols. Indeed, research by Nishikido (6) on polyoxyethylene laurylethers (5 < E.O. number < 49) has shown the ideal behavior (p12 = 0) of their mixtures. Likewise, Xia (7) has found very low p12 values for mixtures of ethoxylated fatty alcohols. 

The environmental compatibility of silicone softeners is generally favourable [495,496]. The discussion here concerns only the silicone component of the formulation and not the supporting emulsifying system. For the most part this is nonionic, preferably based on linear ethoxylated fatty alcohols, although alkylphenol ethoxylates are still used in some countries [496]. The salient points regarding the environmental influence of silicones can be summarised as follows ... 

Consider using long chain soaps for apphcations at temperatures > 60°C, and shorter chains (C12-C14) for application at low temperatures. Use in a mixture with ethoxylated fatty alcohols to enhance efficiency. 

J.L. Salager Macro Emulsions Stabilized by an Ethoxylated Fatty Alcohol and an Alkyl Quat Emulsion Type and Stability in View of the Phase Behavior. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Emulsions 1 -F-107, Lyon, France (2001). 

In practice, a less acidic pH and a lower temperature are used for fur than for wool. A pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 50-60 °C are sufficient, if used in combination with leveling agents. These are normally ethoxylated fatty alcohols or amines. The auxiliaries promote leveling and regulate the uptake of the dyes. Combination with an alkyl phosphate ester as carrier is recommended. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Castor oil ethoxylates Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide co-polymers Polyarylphenol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylate-formaldehyde condensates Non-ionic emulsifiers... 

Acid toilet cleaners Fatty amine ethoxylates Fatty alcohol EO/PO co-polymers Wetting agents with acid stability... 

Simulsol Series Ethoxylated fatty alcohols and acids Alkyl ether sulphates... 

The mapping of ethoxylated fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers by 2D chromatography was discussed by Trathnigg et al. [95]. They combined LAC and SEC and were able to determine the chemical composition distribution and the molar mass distribution of the polyethers. 

Nonionic/Waxy Solid Ethoxylated fatty alcohol... 

Ethoxylated fatty alcohol DISPEX Allied Colloids... 

The use of monophasic systems of lyotropic liquid crystals is relatively seldom and is limited to gels. A variety of polar surfactants (e.g., ethoxylated fatty alcohols) are hydrated in presence of water and form spherical or ellipsoidal micelles. At high surfactant concentrations, these associates are densely packed and are thus identified as cubic liquid crystals. ... 

Analogous gel matrices of liquid crystalline lamellar phases can also be formed with non-ionic mesogens, for example, with the combination of cetyl/stearyl alcohol and ethoxylated fatty alcohol, provided the hydrophilic and lipophilic properties of the surfactant molecules are more or less balanced to favor the formation of lamellar structures. 

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