Alcohols, ethoxylates

Rapid wetter/rewetter with low foaming properties for textile applications. Water dispersible. 

Effective wetting agent built in scour systems. Water Soluble. 

---

The product secondary alcohols from paraffin oxidation are converted to ethylene oxide adducts (alcohol ethoxylates) which are marketed by Japan Catalytic Chemical and BP Chemicals as SOFTANOL secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Union Carbide Chemical markets ethoxylated derivatives of the materials ia the United States under the TERGlTOL trademark (23). 

In the 1990s, the thmst of surfactant flooding work has been to develop surfactants which provide low interfacial tensions in saline media, particularly seawater require less cosurfactant are effective at low concentrations and exhibit lower adsorption on rock. Nonionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (215) and propoxylates (216), and alcohol propoxylates (216) have been evaluated for this appHcation. More recently, anionic surfactants have been used (216—230). 

Surfactants evaluated in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding include internal olefin sulfonates (259,261), linear alkyl xylene sulfonates (262), petroleum sulfonates (262), alcohol ethoxysulfates (258,261,263), and alcohol ethoxylates/anionic surfactants (257). Water-thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide, can reduce injected fluid mobiHty in alkaline flooding (264) and surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding (259,263). The combined use of alkah, surfactant, and water-thickening polymer has been termed the alkaH—surfactant—polymer (ASP) process. Cross-linked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant—polymer—alkaline agent formulations (265). 

Dispersants (qv) have been added to the pulper to maintain stickies in a colloidal state. The small particle size reduces the problems stickies cause on the paper machine and in paper products. Among the chemicals that have been used are fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, lignosulfonates, and naphthalene sulfonates (18). 

Summary of Characteristics of Falling Film Continuous SOj Sulfonation Processes. Both concentric and multitubular reactor systems suppHed by competing manufacturers have surprisingly similar operating characteristics organic feedstock loading of ca 0.4 kg/(h-mm) (circumference) for LAB, and ca 0.3 kg/(h-mm) for alcohol ethoxylates an SO concentration of 3.3—5.0 vol % SO for LAB sulfonation, and 2—3% SO ... 

After the SO converter has stabilized, the 6—7% SO gas stream can be further diluted with dry air, I, to provide the SO reaction gas at a prescribed concentration, ca 4 vol % for LAB sulfonation and ca 2.5% for alcohol ethoxylate sulfation. The molten sulfur is accurately measured and controlled by mass flow meters. The organic feedstock is also accurately controlled by mass flow meters and a variable speed-driven gear pump. The high velocity SO reaction gas and organic feedstock are introduced into the top of the sulfonation reactor,, in cocurrent downward flow where the reaction product and gas are separated in a cyclone separator, K, then pumped to a cooler, L, and circulated back into a quench cooling reservoir at the base of the reactor, unique to Chemithon concentric reactor systems. The gas stream from the cyclone separator, M, is sent to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), N, which removes entrained acidic organics, and then sent to the packed tower, H, where SO2 and any SO traces are adsorbed in a dilute NaOH solution and finally vented, O. Even a 99% conversion of SO2 to SO contributes ca 500 ppm SO2 to the effluent gas. 

Polyalkoxycarboxylates. These surfactants ate produced either by the reaction of sodium chloroacetate with an alcohol ethoxylate ... 

Ethoxylated andSulfatedAlkylphenols. Because these aLkylphenols degrade less readily than the sulfated alcohol ethoxylates, their anticipated expansion failed to materialize, although by 1965 they were widely used in retail detergent products. Sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are used in hospital cleaning products, textile processing, and emulsion polymerization. Sulfated alkyphenol ethoxylates are sold as colorless, odorless aqueous solutions at concentrations of >30%. The presence of ethylene oxide in the molecule increases resistance to hardness ions and reduces skin irritation. Representative commercial sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are given in Table 12. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol, Ethoxylated lauryl alcohol, Poly(oxyethyl)dodecyl ether, Poly(oxyethyl) lauryl ether, Tergitol Nonionic TMN Chemical Formula CijHu0(CH2CH20) CHi CH OH n=6-10 (average). 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Ethoxylated myristyl alcohol, Ethoxylated tetradecyl alcohol, Poly(oxyethil) myristyl ether, Poly(oxyethil) tetradecyl ether, tergtol Nonionic 45-S-lO Chemical Formula C,41X2,0 (CH2CH20) CH2CH20H n=5 (average). 

Ethylene oxide is a precursor for many chemicals of great commercial importance, including ethylene glycols, ethanolamines, and alcohol ethoxylates. Ethylene glycol is one of the monomers for polyesters, the most widely-used synthetic fiber polymers. The current US production of EO is approximately 8.1 hillion pounds. 

Alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanols (alcohol ethoxylates). 

Ethylene oxide is an important intermediate chemical not only for the production of nonionic surfactants like fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxy lates, or propylene oxide/ethylene oxide block copolymers, but also for manufacturing of anionic surfactants like alcohol ether sulfates. 

The presence of volatile components in alcohol ethoxylates (e.g., free alcohol) places some restriction on the level and type of alcohol ethoxylate that can be spray-dried. Volatile components cause pluming in spray tower emissions. These emissions can be minimized by using a peaked or narrow range ethoxylate or by postdosing the nonionic onto a previously spray-dried powder [36]. The peaked ethoxylate contains inherently less of the volatile components. 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Raw wool washing Nonionics (fatty alcohol ethoxylates)... 

Synthetic fibers washing (Alkylphenol ethoxylates,) fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkane (olefine)-sulfonates, fatty alcohol (ether) sulfates, end-group-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates... 

Alcohols obtained from fats and oils contain an even number of carbon atoms and they are completely linear. Alcohols obtained from petrochemical sources can be linear or branched, depending on the manufacturing process, and can also have even or odd numbers of carbon atoms. In many practical applications the small differences observed in the behavior of sulfated alcohols or indeed sulfated alcohol ethoxylates from either source is of no significance and the choice is made on economic grounds. 

---