Carboxylated alcohol ethoxylates

Chem. Descrip. Carboxylated alcohol ethoxylate, sodium salt Uses Alkaline wetter... 

There are two important methods for the synthesis of ether carboxylates from ethoxylated fatty alcohols ... 

Masparov [53] and coworkers measured with lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with 6 mol EO a better detergency and wetting effect than with the corresponding polyoxyethylene ether carboxylic acid. 

FIG. 6 Influence of the temperature on the foaming properties of an alkyl ether carboxylate compared to an alcohol ethoxylate. 0.1% solution, pH = 11. (From Refs. 61 and 64.)... 

The reaction product with monoethanolamine acts as a thickening agent [41,101] and with alcohols as an emollient [40]. Also reaction products with amino acids and oligo- or polypeptides for use in cosmetic formulations are known [43]. Sorbitan esters from ether carboxylates are described as emulsifiers or mild surfactants in cosmetic formulations [39] and alkyl ether carboxylic acid taurides as nonirritant anionic surfactants for cosmetic cleaners in particular [44]. Using unsaturated ether carboxylates it is possible to make viscous formulations based on combinations of unsaturated and saturated ether carboxylates [111]. Highly purified alkyl ether carboxylates based on alcohol ethoxylates with low free alcohol content have also been described [112]. 

The trend of discovering the analytical field of environmental analysis of surfactants by LC-MS is described in detail in Chapters 2.6-2.13 and also reflected by the method collection in Chapter 3.1 (Table 3.1.1), which gives an overview on analytical determinations of surfactants in aqueous matrices. Most methods have focused on high volume surfactants and their metabolites, such as the alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO, Chapter 2.6), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS, Chapter 2.10) and alcohol ethoxylates (AE, Chapter 2.9). Surfactants with lower consumption rates such as the cationics (Chapter 2.12) and esterquats (Chapter 2.13) or the fluorinated surfactants perfluoro alkane sulfonates (PFAS) and perfluoro alkane carboxylates (PFAC) used in fire fighting foams (Chapter 2.11) are also covered in this book, but have received less attention. 

NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), [4] for alcohol ethoxylates (AEs), and [5] for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) and sulfopheny carboxylates (SPCs)). 

ABS AE AE/P AES AG AOS APEO APG AS BiAS BM c6(EO)3 CNPEC CTAS D DATS DCPEG DEEDMAC branched alkylbenzene sulfonate alcohol ethoxylate alcohol ethoxylate/propoxylate alkylether sulfate alkyl glucamide a-olefin sulfonate alkylphenol ethoxylate alkyl polyglucoside alkyl sulfate bismuth active substances alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium triethylene glycol monohexyl ether carboxylated nonylphenoxy carboxylates cobalt thiocyanate active substances R2S10(o.5)2 dialkyl tetralinsulfonate dicarboxylated PEG ditallow ester of di(hydroxyethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride... 

U.S. 5,230,823 (1993) Wise et al. (Procter Gamble) Alkylethoxy carboxylate with minimal alcohol ethoxylate and soap byproducts high pH and Mg Good grease removal and mildness high pH and Mg versions improve grease removal maintaining mildness... 

Polyoxyethylenated (POE) Fatty Alcohol Carboxylates (Alkyl Ether Carbox-ylates), R0(CH2CH20)xCH2C00M (x = 4, usually) Products of the reaction of the terminal OH group of an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with sodium monochlor-oacetate. Less basic than soaps of comparable chain length, ascribed to the ether oxygen atom adjacent to the carboxylate group in the molecule. 

Another common approach to water-based coating formulations is post-emulsification of a polymer in water. Several condensation polymers, e.g. alkyds, i.e. fatty-acid-modified polyesters, polyurethanes and epoxy resins, have been made into dispersions by the use of a suitable emulsifier and application of high shear. For instance, long oil alkyd resins of the type used in white-spirit-based formulations have been successfully emulsified by using nonionic surfactants such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates or fatty acid monoethanolamide ethoxylates. Neutralization of alkyd carboxylic groups helps in producing small emulsion droplets and with the proper choice of surfactant, droplet diameters of less than 1 pm can be obtained. Such dispersions are sufficiently stable for most applications. 

NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated straight- chain alcohols, alcohol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated polyoxypropylene glycols Polyoxyethylenated mercaptans Long-chain carboxylic acid esters Alkanolamine condensates, alkanolamides Tertiary acetylenic glycols Polyoxyethylenated silicones N-alkylpyrrolidones Alkylpolyglycosides... 

Sulfur in oxidation state IV can be used to produce a variety of anionic snUbnates, as depicted in Scheme 1.5. Sodium bisulfite can be used to prepare sulfonates of a,b-unsaturated acids and esters, such as those prepared from maleic anhydride. The mechanism involves Michael addition to the activated double bond by the more nucleophilic sulfur atom, and is conducted in an aqueous two-phase system where, for example, a maleate half acid ester or diester is dispersed and heated under narrowly controlled pH conditions to minimize ester hydrolysis and avoid competitive hydroxide addition to the double bond. The resulting classes of surfactants include sulfosuccinates (which are in fact carboxylate sulfonate disalt surfactants) prepared from the maleic half acid esters of fatty alcohols or alcohol ethoxylates. Diesters of maleic are sulfonated by the same type of process to produce surfactants such as the ubiquitous dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) from the diester of 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and maleic anhydride. 

Fatty acids. Fatty acids can be ethoxylated in what amounts to a two-step process where the first mole of EO adds slowly to the dry, precatalyzed acid to yield the hydroxyethyl ester. Because of the presence of carboxylic acid, the reaction runs slowly under general acid catalysis and does not produce substantial quantities of polyethoxylated product. Once the free carboxylic acids are completely capped, the pH of the system becomes alkaline and the reaction proceeds in a comparable manner to any primary alcohol ethoxylation. Some competing transesterification occurs at temperatures above 120°C, leading to a product distribution of PEG monoesters, diesters, and free PEG. 

Figure 11.9 is a quantitative C-NMR spectrum of the carbonyl region of the end-capped ethoxylate discussed in sections 11.6.1 and 11.6.2. This carboxylic acid can be made either by reacting the alcohol ethoxylate with chloroacetic acid or by catalytic oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl of the ethoxylate itself. In either event, the product can react with remaining alcohol to form an ester, an undesirable by-product. 

Surfactants are used in miscellar flooding to form a microemulsion of the residual oil. They must have high stability against hydrolysis. - Sulfonates and (especially in high salt containing formations) - fatty alcohol ether sulfates, - fatty alcohol ether sulfonates and ether carboxylates (- carboxymethylated fatty alcohol ethoxylates) have shown good performance. Biosurfactants are in discussion. 

This class consists of carboxylates of alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenolethoxylates. Another name given to the compounds is carboxymethylated ethoxylates. Compared to other anionics, they are insensitive to water hardness. They are good foamers and mild, suitable for use in cosmetics. Biodegradability is similar to that of the corresponding ethoxylates. They are produced from the ethoxylates, either by direct oxidation or by reaction with chloroacetic acid. 

Two-phase titration is applicable for determination of the carboxylates of alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates. The usual indicators do not give sharp end points Safranine T is used instead with a borax pH 8.6 buffer. Poor results are obtained using electrochemical detection of the end point (142,143). Other anionics interfere (144). 

---