Secondary alcohol ethoxylates

The complete analysis of alcohol sulfates is described in the Standard Methods of the International Organization of Standards (ISO) [200] and of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) [201]. These methods describe the analysis of inorganic sulfate content, chloride content, unsulfated matter, and water as well as other analytical values. Other ISO standards describe the analysis of sodium secondary alkyl sulfates [202], determination of pH [203], determination of water content [204,205], chlorides [206], total active matter in sul fated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [207], mean relative molecular mass in sulfated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [208], sulfate content... 

There are some means for synthesis of defined primary or secondary esters. Monoester salts of phosphoric acid, for instance, are prepared by addition of alcohol or ethoxylated alcohol, alkali fluoride, and pyrophosphoryl chloride (C12P0)20 in a molar ratio of 0.9-1.5 0.05-1 1.0 at -50 to +10°C and hydrolysis of the Cl-containing intermediates with base. Thus, 32.3 g (C12P0)20 was treated at -50°C with 23.9 g lauryl alcohol in the presence of 0.7 g KF and the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and hydrolyzed with H20 and 40% NaOH to give 83% sodium monolauryl phosphate. The monoester salts showed comparable or better washing and foaming efficiency than a commercial product [12]. 

A limited number of studies have considered the use of surfactant and cosolvent mixtures to enhance the recovery of NAPLs (Martel et al., 1993 Martel and Gelinas, 1996). Martel et al. (1993) and Martel and Gelinas (1996) employed ternary phase diagrams to select surfactant+cosolvent formulatons for treatment of NAPL-contaminated aquifers. The surfactant+cosolvent formulations used in their work, which included lauryl alcohol ethersulfate/n-amyl alcohol, secondary alkane sulfonate/n-butanol, and alkyl benzene sulfonate/n-butanol, were shown to be effective solubilizers of residual trichloroethene (TCE) and PCE in soil columns (Martel et al., 1993). However, very little information is available regarding the effect of cosolvents on the solubilization capacity and phase behavior of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. 

The ethoxylation of secondary alcohols must be first carried out using an acid catalyst to a low degree of polymerization (2). The product, 3 mole ethoxylate, is separated from the reaction mixture by stripping the unreacted alcohol. Further ethoxylation can then be carried out just as with the primary alcohol or alkyl-phenol using a base catalyst in the conventional manner. 

Table XVII is an example of the test result showing comparable efficiency of SAE, PAE and alkylphenol ethoxylates in resin removal from sulfite pulp. A Japanese patent specification(24) by Lion Fats and Oils describes 10-16 mole ethoxylates of secondary alcohols as extremely useful in deresination of pulp, especially in the manufacture of dissolved pulp for the rayon industry. According to the patent specification, to alkyls give the best results among 12 mole ethoxylates ethoxylates of from 10 to 13 moles of EO can give the best results among other ethoxylates of C secondary alcohols, and the optimum amount of SAE(12E0) is in the range between 0.2 and 0.6% by weight based on pulp.

A similar two-stage ethoxylation of secondary alcohols of 10-17 carbon atoms has been described earlier by Carter [49]. 

Hydrex AC/ Petroferm Aqueous solution of ethoxylaled, propoxylated secondary alcohol and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer Stencil cleaning (43 C—49°C), with ultrasonics, 10% solution in water N/A 1 ( prox.) N/A None >1 (estimated)... 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

Ethoxylated alcohol, alkylphenol ethoxylated, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyethylene glycol ether Alkyl benzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkylsulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate... 

SAS, commercial secondary alkyl sulfate AEO , commercial ethoxylated alcohol soap is sodium soap of coconut fatty adds branched hydrocarbon is odor-free commercial hydrocarbon with a boiling point range of 171-191°C. 

The product secondary alcohols from paraffin oxidation are converted to ethylene oxide adducts (alcohol ethoxylates) which are marketed by Japan Catalytic Chemical and BP Chemicals as SOFTANOL secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Union Carbide Chemical markets ethoxylated derivatives of the materials ia the United States under the TERGlTOL trademark (23). 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Steinle et al. [426] studied the primary biodegradation of different surfactants containing ethylene oxide, such as sulfates of linear primary alcohols, primary oxoalcohols, secondary alcohols, and primary and secondary alkyl-phenols, as well as sulfates of all these alcohols and alkylphenols with different degrees of ethoxylation. Their results confirm that primary linear alcohol sulfates are slightly more readily biodegradable than primary oxoalcohol sulfates and that secondary alcohol sulfates are also somewhat worse than the corresponding linear primary. 

Alkylphenol ether sulfates are slightly more resistant to biodegradation than alkylbenzenesulfonates. Similarly to alcohol ether sulfates, this resistance increases with the degree of ethoxylation. Again there are some differences in favor of primary alkylphenol ether sulfates with respect to secondary alkylphenol ether sulfates [426]. 

The amount of residual sulfonate ester remaining after hydrolysis can be determined by a procedure proposed by Martinsson and Nilsson [129], similar to that used to determine total residual saponifiables in neutral oils. Neutrals, including alkanes, alkenes, secondary alcohols, and sultones, as well as the sulfonate esters in the AOS, are isolated by extraction from an aqueous alcoholic solution with petroleum ether. The sulfonate esters are separated from the sultones by chromatography on a silica gel column. Each eluent fraction is subjected to saponification and measured as active matter by MBAS determination measuring the extinction of the trichloromethane solution at 642 nra. (a) Sultones. Connor et al. [130] first reported, in 1975, a very small amount of skin sensitizer, l-unsaturated-l,3-sultone, and 2-chloroalkane-l,3-sultone in the anionic surfactant produced by the sulfation of ethoxylated fatty alcohol. These compounds can also be found in some AOS products consequently, methods of detection are essential. 

Secondary alcohols, produced previously in small quantities from linear paraffin oxidation, have today almost disappeared from the market. The difficulties in producing the corresponding derivatives (ethoxylates, etc.) were a major drawback for their potential development. 

Genapol C 050 (alcohol ethoxylate, AEO) and Marlon PS 65 (secondary alkane sulfonate, SAS) at 1000 mg L-1 for each compound. These mixtures were also used for the preparation of the spiked wastewaters (effluent from WWTP Aachen-Soers, Germany, sampled on January 7, 1999). 

Linear Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylates (LSAE). The hydrophobes of LSAE are made via borate-modified oxidation of n-parafiins to form inorganic esters followed by hydrolysis. The resulting alcohols contain secondary hydroxyl groups randomly located along the linear alkyl chain. LSAE biodegrade slightly slower than LPAE (13.14). 

A Cl 1.16 linear secondary alcohol ethoxylate containing an average of 9 EO units per mole of alcohol (Cn.i6LSAE-9). 

A significant increase in fp and similar elongated drops and emulsification were seen as the cloud point of 37 °C was approached for Dow s commercial secondary alcohol ethoxylate Tergitol 15-S-7 (Fig. 5). Its hydrophobe consists of various double-chain species with the sum of the chain lengths ranging between 11 and 15, and its average EO number is 7.3. In some cases a conical projection developed on the elongated drop, and a jet was emitted, which broke up into small droplets (Eig. 6). 

Such as Tergitol 15-S-7, C11-C15 secondary alcohol ethoxylate (Union Carbide) or Genapol 24-L-60 linear alcohol ethoxylate (Hoechst Celanese). 

Sherrard, K.B., P.J. Marriott, R.G. Amiet, R. Colton, M.J. McCormick, and G.C. Smith. 1995. Photo-catalytic degradation of secondary alcohol ethoxylate spectroscopic, chromatographic, and mass spectrometric studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2235-2242. 

They are now being replaced by the polyoxyethylene derivative of straight-chain primary or secondary alcohols with C10-C18. These linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants are more biodegradable than nonylphenol derivatives and have better detergent properties than linear alkylbenzenesulfonate. 

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