Surfactants alcohol ethoxylate surfactant

Chem. Descrip. Organosilicone surfactant/alcohol ethoxylate surfactant blend Silfar S194 [Wacker-Chemie AG]... 

Jandera, P., Holcapek, M., Theodoridis, G. (1998). Investigation of chromatographic behavior of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in normal-phase and reversed-phase systems using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 813(2), 299-311. 

S.S. Talmage, Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates, Soap and Detergent Association, Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 

Table 17.4 lists values of the CMC for C12-surfactants with different headgroups. Within the nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, the headgroup area increases with an increasing number of oxyethylene units. The CMC simultaneously increases, illustrating that steric repulsion increases the CMC (Figure 17.3). 

Anon. (1991) Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants. Volume 1 Anionic Surfactants. Part 1. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates. Part 2. Alcohol Ethyl Sulfates. Part 3. Alkyl Sulfates. Part 4. Alpha Olgin Sulfonates. Volume 2 Nonionic Surfactants, Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates. Government Reports Announcements Index (GRA I). 

Cheng, H., Kontogeorgis, G.M. and Stenby, E.H. (2005) Correlation and prediction of environmental properties of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants using the UNIFAC method. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 7255-7261. 

These are also anionic surfactants which are manufactured by sulfating alcohol ethoxylate surfactants [69], Figure 8.5 shows the structure of the molecule which consists of the alcohol ethoxylate connected to a sulfate group. The EO groups typically range in size from 1 to 3 moles. 

Di Corda, A., C. Crescenzi, A. Marcomini, and R. Samperi. 1998. Liquid-chromatog-raphy-electrospray-mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for characterizing biodegradation intermediates of branched alcohol ethoxylate surfactants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 711-718. 

Add in both of the alcohol ethoxylate surfactants. Mix until homogeneous. 

Several other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the dynamics of spontaneous emulsification. Direct observation by using phase contrast and polarizing microscopy showed that in some cases vesicles (closed bilayers) are produced in the oil phase near the interface with the water. These vesicles tend to explode , thereby pulverizing oil droplets into the aqueous phase. The above structures can be produced, for example, by using a mixture of nonionic surfactant (alcohol ethoxylate) and a long-chain alcohol such... 

Surfactants (alcohol ethoxylates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, nonylphenol ethoxylates) LLE, SPE, online SPE, SPME DAD, MS, MS/MS Leather, textile, metal, food industry, household... 

For some applications, relatively high residual levels of alcohol ethoxylate surfactant are desirable hence, excess ethoxylate is employed. Numerous products have evolved containing varying levels of residnal phosphoric acid and alcohol (alcohol ethoxylate) to meet niche application requirements. Typically [40,42], 0.3-1.5 mol of alcohol (alcohol ethoxylate) reacted with 1 mol of P2O5 (0.15-0.75 mole ROH per eqnivalent P) in 115% polyphosphoric acid at 50°C. The reaction is heated to 105-110°C and held for 1-2 h. The product is 70-90 wt% monoester, 9-28% diester, and 0.1-12% nonionic alcohol ethoxylate [42]. 

As expected, aU these methods (HLB, CPP and Kow) are connected to each other (Cheng, 2003 Cheng et al, 2005). These cited references also showed that Kg can be used to correlate toxicity and the bioconcentration factor of various small alcohol ethoxylate surfactants. HLB is also linked to CMC, as shown for one surfactant family in Figure 5.16. 

The focus of this report concerns nanocomposites from poly(propylene carbonate) (PPG) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). A solvent route using THF, ethoxylated non- ionic surfactants combined with sonication was found to be successful in deagglomerating and dispersing the nanotubes. The morphology and molecular mobility of the prepared nanocomposites (0.5, 3.0 and 5.0 wt% of nanotubes) were characterized by rheology, microscopy, low-field SS NMR, and electrical conductivity. The networking of nanotubes was highest with a steatyl alcohol ethoxylate surfactant, and was found to improve with the sonication... 

Hydrophobic ultrafiltration membranes allow the above phenomenon to be used in reverse, permitting surfactant to permeate the membrane but holding back soil and oil (102,103). In this case, the surfactant concentration is enriched in the permeate, presumably because adsorption of the surfactant (alcohol ethoxylates) to the membrane aids in permeation. It is important to control the temperature below the cloud point of the surfactant (103). 

TABLE 2 Analysis of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography... 

TABLE 3 Determination of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants in the Environment... 

Newsome, C. S., D. Howes, S. J. Marshall, R. A. van Egmond, Fate of anionic and alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in Carassius auratus, Tenside Surfactants, Deterg., 1995,32, 498-503. Tolls, J., M. Haller, D. T. H. M. Sijm, Extraction and isolation of LAS and its sulfophenylcar-boxylic acid metabolites from fish. Anal. Chem., 1999, 71, 5242-5247. 

In the 1990s, the thmst of surfactant flooding work has been to develop surfactants which provide low interfacial tensions in saline media, particularly seawater require less cosurfactant are effective at low concentrations and exhibit lower adsorption on rock. Nonionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (215) and propoxylates (216), and alcohol propoxylates (216) have been evaluated for this appHcation. More recently, anionic surfactants have been used (216—230). 

Surfactants evaluated in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding include internal olefin sulfonates (259,261), linear alkyl xylene sulfonates (262), petroleum sulfonates (262), alcohol ethoxysulfates (258,261,263), and alcohol ethoxylates/anionic surfactants (257). Water-thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide, can reduce injected fluid mobiHty in alkaline flooding (264) and surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding (259,263). The combined use of alkah, surfactant, and water-thickening polymer has been termed the alkaH—surfactant—polymer (ASP) process. Cross-linked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant—polymer—alkaline agent formulations (265). 

---