Polymers surfactants

With ionic amphiphiles, electrostatic repulsion is responsible for some separation distance between the beads. After saturating the polymer with micelles, further 

FIGURE 12.14 Binding of the cationic surfactant dodecylpyridinium chloride at the protein lysozyme. The net charge on lysozyme is positive at pH 7 and negative at pH 10. Ionic strength 0.025 M T= 25°C. 

The tendency of the amphiphilic molecules to assemble at the polymer chain depends on various factors. The water-soluble polymer may wrap around the micellar surface and screen unfavorable carbohydrate-water contacts. Also, electrostatic interaction between the amphiphiles and the polymer affects aggregation. In special cases, in particular when the polymer main chain carries not-too-short apolar side chains, these side chains may penetrate into the apolar micellar core. Then, it is not unlikely that micelles link two or more polymer chains thereby forming a network. This manifests itself by a dramatic increase in the viscosity of the system. 

---

Environment Internal Low-flow, treated (polymer, surfactant, biocide) cooling water, pH 8.5, 120-160 F (50-70°C), conductivity 800 pmhos... 

Naoi and co-workers [55], with a QCM, studied lithium deposition and dissolution processes in the presence of polymer surfactants in an attempt to obtain the uniform current distribution at the electrode surface and hence smooth surface morphology of the deposited lithium. The polymer surfactants they used were polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (molecular weight 446), or a copolymer of dimethylsilicone (ca. 25 wt%) and propylene oxide (ca. 75 wt%) (molecular weight 3000) in LiC104-EC/DMC (3 2, v/v). 

Originating from Cornwall, Peter Griffiths studied initially at University College, North Wales (1985-88), and subsequently the University of Bristol (PhD, 1991). After post-doctoral positions in Bristol and Stockholm, he moved to a lectureship at Cardiff in 1995. Aged 32, his research interests centre around colloidal systems, in particular polymer/surfactant interactions. 

A useful way of classifying chemicals is shown in Fig. 2.1. Chemicals are divided on the basis of volume and character. Bulk chemicals, or commodities, are produced in large quantities and sold on the basis of an industry specification. There is essentially no difference in the product from different suppliers. Typical examples would be acetone, ethylene oxide, and phenol. Pseudo commodities are also made in large quantities but are sold on the basis of their performance. In many cases the product is formulated and properties can differ from one supplier to another. Examples include large volume polymers, surfactants, paints, etc. 

M. A. Alonso-Debolt and M. A. Jarrett. New polymer/surfactant systems for stabilizing troublesome gumbo shale. In Proceedings Volume, pages 699-708. SPE Int Petrol Conf of Mex (Veracruz, Mexico, 10/10-10/13), 1994. 

T. R. French and C. B. Josephson. The effect of polymer-surfactant interaction on the rheological properties of surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding formulations Topical report. US DOE Fossil Energy Rep NIPER-635, NIPER, February 1993. 

R. Varadaraj. Polymer-surfactant fluids for decontamination of earth formations. Patent US 5614474,1997. 

Fluorescence spectroscopy is also particularly well-suited to clarify many aspects of polymer/surfactant interactions on a molecular scale. The technique provides information on the mean aggregation numbers of the complexes formed and measures of the polarity and internal fluidity of these structures. Such interactions may be monitored by fluorescence not only with extrinsic probes or labelled polymers, but also by using fluorescent surfactants. Schild and Tirrell [154] have reported the use of sodium 2-(V-dodecylamino) naphthalene-6-sulfonate (SDN6S) to study the interactions between ionic surfactants and poly(V-isopropylacrylamide). 

Because of the relatively low cost of many of the chemicals used in drilling fluids, development of more cost effective additives is a major challenge. However, improved high temperature polymers, surfactants, and corrosion inhibitors are under development in many laboratories. 

Recent research and field tests have focused on the use of relatively low concentrations or volumes of chemicals as additives to other oil recovery processes. Of particular interest is the use of surfactants as CO (184) and steam mobility control agents (foam). Also combinations of older EOR processes such as surfactant enhanced alkaline flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding have been the subjects of recent interest. Older technologies polymer flooding (185,186) and micellar flooding (187-189) have been the subject of recent reviews. In 1988 84 commercial products polymers, surfactants, and other additives, were listed as being marketed by 19 companies for various enhanced oil recovery applications (190). 

Compared to inorganic materials, organic materials such as polymers, surfactant molecules and micelles also act as a capping material or soft template. Figure 5.15 shows TEM images of gold nanorods and nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemical reduction of Au(I) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,... 

MORPHOLOGY OF SURFACES IN MESOSCOPIC POLYMERS, SURFACTANTS, ELECTRONS, OR REACTION-DIFFUSION SYSTEMS METHODS, SIMULATIONS, AND MEASUREMENTS... 

Morphology of Surfaces in Mesoscopic Polymers, Surfactants, Electrons, or Reaction-Diffusion Systems Methods,... 

Improved Oil Recovery (ior), where a range of more exotic fluids such as steam (hot water), caustic solutions, carbon dioxide, foams, polymers, surfactants, and so on are injected to improve recovery beyond what might be obtained by waterflooding alone. 

Hunter R., S.F., F. Kezdy, The Adjuvant Activity of Nonionic Block Polymer Surfactants I. The Role of Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance, Journal of Immunology. 127, 1244, 1981. 

Lavigne JJ, Broughton DL, Wilson JN, Erdogan B, Bunz UHF (2003) Surfactochromic conjugated polymers surfactant effects on sugar-substituted PPEs. Macromolecules 36 7409-7412... 

Hameed AAA, Jean N, Stephen O, Andy PM (2008) Improved single nucleotide polymorphisms detection using conjugated polymer/surfactant system and peptide nucleic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 23 1466-1472... 

The variety of alpha olefin application is extensive, including polymers, surfactants, synthetic lubricants, lube oil additives, plasticizer alcohols, mer-captans, and fatty acids. 

Polymer/Surfactant Interactions. Interaction between polymers and surfactants was recently reviewed by Robb (11) and surfactant association with proteins by Steinhardt and Reynolds (12). Polymer/surfactant interactions are highly dependent on the chemical nature of the polymer and the surfactant. In general, surfactants tend to associate with uncharged polymers in aggregates rather than individual surfactant molecules interacting with the macro-molecule. The ability of surfactants to form micelles is thought to be an important factor in the role of surfactant behavior in interactions with polymers. Individual surfactant... 

Case II corresponds to an emulsion preadsorbed with surfactant molecules at very low concentration (stabilized with SDS at a concentration of 0.27 10 mold or CMC/30). Polymer and surfactant were premixed separately and later added to the emulsion. In all cases, the polymer concentration was fixed at 0.6 wt%. Premixed polymer/surfactant mixture was incubated sufficiently (>2 h) before adding to the emulsion. The force profiles are again repulsive (Fig. 2.17) and exponentially decaying with a characteristic decay length comparable to the Debye length, corresponding to the equivalent amount of surfactant concentration present in the premixed system. 

On the basis of the above experimental results, the expected conformations of polymer-surfactant complexes at the oil-water interface are depicted in Fig. 2.19. In case I, the added polymer associates with excess surfactants present in the bulk solution, but the complexes prefer to remain in the bulk phase. Alternately, the polymer-surfactant complexes are unable to displace the adsorbed surfactant molecules from the liquid-liquid interface. Irrespective of the amount of polymer-surfactant concentration in the bulk, the experimental decay length values remain comparable to the Debye lengths, corresponding to the concentration of ion species in the bulk solution (Eq. (2.11)). This means that the force profile is... 

Figure 2.19. Schematic diagram of polymer-surfactant complex on emulsions droplets for cases I, II, and III. (Adapted from [74,75].)...

E. Staples, I. Tucker, J. Penfold, R.K. Thomas, and D.J.F. Taylor Organization of Polymer-Surfactant Mixtures at the Air-Water Interface Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Poly Dimethyldiallylammonium Chloride. Langmuir 18, 5147 (2002). 

C. Stubenrauch, P.A. Albouy, R. Kitzling, and D. Langevin Polymer/Surfactant Complexes at the Water/Air Interface A Surface Tension and X-Ray Reflectivity Study. Langmuir 16, 3206 (2000). 

I. Philip, G. Gnana Prakash, T. layakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram, and B. Raj Three Distinct Scenarios under Polymer, Surfactant and Colloidal Interaction. Macro-molecules 36, 9230 (2003). 

---