Ether sulfones

Properties Unfilled 20% glass-fiber- reinforced Unfilled 20% glass-fiber- reinforced Poly(ether sulfone) Poly(phenyl sulfone)... 

Some amorphous copoly(ether—sulfone) fkms have been prepared (117) with Ts around 130°C with no loss in weight up to 400°C in ak or N2. Other backbones iavestigated in this class of polymers are copoly(ether—amides) (118) and copoly(ether—ketones) (119). These polymers show good mechanical properties, flow characteristics, and abrasion resistance. 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

H-Bond Acceptor (HBA) Acyl chlorides Acyl fluorides Hetero nitrogen aromatics Hetero oj gen aromatics Tertiary amides Tertiary amines Other nitriles Other nitros Isocyanates Peroxides Aldehydes Anhydrides Cyclo ketones Ahphatic ketones Esters Ethers Aromatic esters Aromatic nitriles Aromatic ethers Sulfones Sulfolanes... 

Recently, the pyrazole group containing bisphenols have been synthesized from activated aromatic dihalides and 3,5-bis (4-hydroxy phenyl)-4-phenyl pyrazole or 3,5-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)-1,4-diphenyl pyrazole. A novel synthesis of imido aryl containing bisphenols has been reported [32]. N-substituted l,4-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)-2,3-naphthalimides were prepared from phenolphthalein and copolymerized with aromatic sulfone or ketone difluorides to obtain the poly(imidoaryl ether) sulfones/ ketones. 

These thiohydroxamic esters have seen use in grafting of PAN onto PE,iM of PS, PAM and I MPAM onto cellulose127128 and of PS, PMMA, PVP and PAM onto poly(arylene ether sulfone).12 7 The process involves derivitization of a parent carboxy functional polymer to form the thiohydoxamic ester 82 (R=polvmcr) which then behaves as a polymeric transfer agent and/or radical generator. 

Poly(arylene ether ketone) and poly(arylene ether sulfone) were also tried to be incorporated into the hybrids with silica gel by means of the sol-gel procedure [19, 20], For example, triethoxysilyl-terminated organic polymer was subjected to co-hydrolysis with tetraethoxysilane. A systematic change in mechanical and physical properties of the hybrid glass has been found with the content of organic polymer and the annealing temperatures. 

The general approaches for the synthesis of poly(arylene ether)s include electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and poly(arylene ether ketone)s have quite similar structures and properties, and the synthesis approaches are quite similar in many respects. However, most of the poly(arylene ether sul-fone)s are amorphous while some of the poly(arylene ether)s are semicrystalline, which requires different reaction conditions and approaches to the synthesis of these two polymer families in many cases. In the following sections, the methods for the synthesis of these two families will be reviewed. 

Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s can be synthesized by two different polysulfonyla-tion reaction routes condensation of AA and BB monomers or self-condensation of AB monomer.26,27 Scheme 6.5 shows two approaches. 

Sulfonic acid catalysts can also be used to prepare poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, such as (CF3C0)20, polyphosphoric acid (PPA),26 MeS03H-P205 mixture,33 and CF3SO3H.34... 

Scheme 6.12 Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone) via the potassium carbonate process.8...

Scheme 6.13 Synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s via silyl ether displacement.

Other coupling reactions were also employed to prepare poly(arylene etherjs. Polymerization of bis(aryloxy) monomers was demonstrated to occur in the presence of an Fe(III) chloride catalyst via a cation radical mechanism (Scholl reaction).134 This reaction also involves carbon-carbon bond formation and has been used to prepare soluble poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether ketone)s, and aromatic polyethers. 

Quentin may have been the first to sulfonate (arylene ether sulfone).168 In this patent, it was demonstrated that the bisphenol A polysulfone could be sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid to produce a sulfonated polyfarylene ether sulfone), which was used for desalination via reverse osmosis. However, the chlorosulfonic acid may be capable of cleaving the bisphenol A polysulfone partially at the iso-propylidene link or it might induce branching and crosslinking reactions by... 

Mathias et al. synthesized poly(ether sulfone)s and poly(ether ether ketone)s with pendent adamantane groups.192 Incorporating adamantane into a polymer as a pendent group has been demonstrated to significantly increase the glass transition temperature. 

Herbert and Hay reported a bisphenolic monomer, 3,8-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-A-phenyl-1,2-naphthalimide (Table 6.1), as well as its corresponding polyf V-phenyl imido aryl ether sulfone) via transimidization reactions with hydrazine monohydrate, aliphatic amines, and an amino acid.193 These polysulfones with... 

Robeson and Matzner were the first to report the synthesis of the sulfonation of DCDPS.205 This work makes it possible to synthesize sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with well-controlled structures. Ueda et al. used this monomer (Scheme 6.27) as a comonomer of DCDPS to react with bisphenol A and high-molecular-weight bisphenol-A-based copolymers with up to 30 mol % sulfonation achieved.206 Biphenol-based copolymers with up to 100 mol % sulfonation were recently reported by Wang et al.207... 

Poly (ary lene ether sulfone)s and poly(arylene ether ketone) have been employed to prepare block and graft copolymers. Generally, the block copolymers can be prepared by reacting functional-group-terminated oligomers with other functional oligomers and monomers. 

Bourgeois et al. reported a new approach227 wherein poly(arylene ether sulfone) and poly(arylene ether ketone) were functionalized with anhydride and amine chain ends, respectively, to afford imide-linked copolymers. 

Polyether-PA segmented copolymers, synthesizing, 191-192 Polyether polyols, 200, 205, 211-212 synthesis of, 223, 224 Poly(ether sulfone) (PES), 327. See also Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s Poly(phenylene ether sulfone) chains Sulfonated poly (ary lene ether sulfone)... 

Poly f p-oxybenzoyl-co-p-phenylene isophthalate]), 113-114 Poly(2,2 -oxydiethylene adipate), 29 Polyoxymethylene glycol, aqueous, 377 Poly(oxytetramethylene) (PTMO), 53 Poly (p-pheny lene). See also Poly(para-phenylene)s dendronized, 520-521 synthesis of, 491-494 synthesis of water-soluble, 493 Poly(phenylene ether sulfone) chains,... 

Postpolycondensation. See Solid-state postpolycondensation Potassium carbonate process, poly(arylene ether sulfone) synthesis via, 339 Pot life, 232 Powder coatings, 240 PPE. See Personal protective equipment (PPE)... 

Smith, Jason A., 431 Sn2+ compounds, 233 Sn4+ compounds, 232 SNAr reaction. See also Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction poly(arylene ether sulfone) synthesis via, 336-340... 

Sulfonated hydroquinone, 355, 356 Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone),... 

Poly(diphenylene ether) sulfones DMSO-dg, chloroform-di 100... 

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