Sulfated alcohol ethoxylates

Ethoxylated andSulfatedAlkylphenols. Because these aLkylphenols degrade less readily than the sulfated alcohol ethoxylates, their anticipated expansion failed to materialize, although by 1965 they were widely used in retail detergent products. Sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are used in hospital cleaning products, textile processing, and emulsion polymerization. Sulfated alkyphenol ethoxylates are sold as colorless, odorless aqueous solutions at concentrations of >30%. The presence of ethylene oxide in the molecule increases resistance to hardness ions and reduces skin irritation. Representative commercial sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are given in Table 12. 

Alcohols obtained from fats and oils contain an even number of carbon atoms and they are completely linear. Alcohols obtained from petrochemical sources can be linear or branched, depending on the manufacturing process, and can also have even or odd numbers of carbon atoms. In many practical applications the small differences observed in the behavior of sulfated alcohols or indeed sulfated alcohol ethoxylates from either source is of no significance and the choice is made on economic grounds. 

Sulfated alcohol ethoxylates rat oral LD50 values, 8 445 Sulfated alcohols, 23 537 Sulfated algal polysaccharides,... 

These are also anionic surfactants which are manufactured by sulfating alcohol ethoxylate surfactants [69], Figure 8.5 shows the structure of the molecule which consists of the alcohol ethoxylate connected to a sulfate group. The EO groups typically range in size from 1 to 3 moles. 

AESs are anionic surfactants made by sulfating alcohol ethoxylates, and the degree of ethoxyl-ation typically ranges from 1 to 4, but predominantly 2-3 moles of ethoxylation (EO) are used with both natural and synthetic alcohol sources. AES provides numerous benefits such as high solubility. 

Higher n-olefins of Cs-Ci4 are used as intermediates in the manufacture of several types of surfactant materials. Linear internal olefins are used in the production of linear alkylbenzene alkylphenol detergent alcohols, which in turn is used to produce alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxylates, and alcohol ether sulfates and synthetic lubricants. a-Olefins are used in the production of detergent alcohols, linear alkylbenzene, synthetic lubricants, and a-olefin sulfonates (another ionic surfactant). 

Wickbold, R., Sulfated alcohol ethoxylates (in German), Tenside, Surfactants, Deterg., 1976, 13,181-184. 

Sulfated alcohol ethoxylate from PEG, mono- and disulfated PEG, and unsulfated alcohol ethoxylate... 

Fast atom bombardment. Sulfated alcohol ethoxylates give abundant negative ions corresponding to deprotonation of the main components and of clusters. Positive clusters with sodium and potassium ions are also seen (29). 

After the SO converter has stabilized, the 6—7% SO gas stream can be further diluted with dry air, I, to provide the SO reaction gas at a prescribed concentration, ca 4 vol % for LAB sulfonation and ca 2.5% for alcohol ethoxylate sulfation. The molten sulfur is accurately measured and controlled by mass flow meters. The organic feedstock is also accurately controlled by mass flow meters and a variable speed-driven gear pump. The high velocity SO reaction gas and organic feedstock are introduced into the top of the sulfonation reactor,, in cocurrent downward flow where the reaction product and gas are separated in a cyclone separator, K, then pumped to a cooler, L, and circulated back into a quench cooling reservoir at the base of the reactor, unique to Chemithon concentric reactor systems. The gas stream from the cyclone separator, M, is sent to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), N, which removes entrained acidic organics, and then sent to the packed tower, H, where SO2 and any SO traces are adsorbed in a dilute NaOH solution and finally vented, O. Even a 99% conversion of SO2 to SO contributes ca 500 ppm SO2 to the effluent gas. 

Alkylation of benzene using alpha olefins produces linear alkylbenzenes, which are further sulfonated and neutralized to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABS). These compounds constitute, with alcohol ethoxy-sulfates and ethoxylates, the basic active ingredients for household detergents. Production of LABS is discussed in Chapter 10. 

Ethylene oxide is an important intermediate chemical not only for the production of nonionic surfactants like fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxy lates, or propylene oxide/ethylene oxide block copolymers, but also for manufacturing of anionic surfactants like alcohol ether sulfates. 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Synthetic fibers washing (Alkylphenol ethoxylates,) fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkane (olefine)-sulfonates, fatty alcohol (ether) sulfates, end-group-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates... 

Sulfation of ethoxylated alcohols proceeds similarly but in this case small amounts of 1,4-dioxane are formed as a byproduct during sulfation and neutralization. 

Ethoxylation of the base alcohol always improves the solubility of the sulfate. As an example, sodium hexadecyl ether (2 EO) sulfate gives a clear 10% solution in water at 40°C, which becomes a viscous gel at 30°C [59]. Alcohol ether sulfates are also more soluble in organic solvents than the corresponding alcohol sulfates. Sodium hexadecyl and octadecyl ether (2 EO) sulfates are soluble at 1% concentration in lubricating oil, at 2.5% in benzene and chloroform, and at 5% in tetrachloroethylene, whereas alcohol-ethoxylated sulfates with 10 mol of ethylene oxide are soluble at 5% in lubricating oil [59]. 

Recently, patented ethoxylation catalysts have become available that can significantly narrow the ethylene oxide distribution of the alcohol ethoxylates used to obtain alcohol ether sulfates. These products are termed peaked alcohol ether sulfates whereas all others are termed conventional alcohol ether sulfates. Peaked alcohol ether sulfate solutions thicken more than those with a conventional ethylene oxide distribution [78]. Peaked alcohol ether sulfate solutions also exhibit behaviors different from those of conventional sulfates [79]. Smith [78] studied the viscosities of 15% sodium dodecyl ether sulfate solutions of both families with NaCl content between 2% and 10% at 25°C using a Brookfield model DVII viscometer at a shear rate of 2 s 1. The results are shown in Fig. 5 where the very different viscosities achieved are clearly observed. 

Alcohols react with nascent hydroiodic acid to form alkyl iodides. When the starting material is an alcohol ether sulfate, the resulting alcohol ethoxylate obtained by acid hydrolysis of the sulfate gives the corresponding alkyl iodides. The number of moles of diiodoethane equals the number of moles of ethylene oxide present in the alcohol ethoxylate. Diiodoethane decomposes or reacts with more hydrogen iodide to give iodine quantitatively in both cases. However,... 

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