Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates

Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates have several advantages over alcohol sulfates including lower sensitivity to hardness with respect to foaming and detersive effectiveness, less irritation to skin and eyes, and higher water solubiUty. 

Theoretically, the mechanism for ethoxylated alcohol sulfation is similar to primary alcohol sulfation, involving the rapid formation of a metastable product. The stoichiometry of this almost instantaneous and highly exothermic initial reaction corresponds again to more than one molecule of S03 per molecule of feedstock (Table 4). The desired ethoxylate acid sulfate product formed is... 

Assuming a typical oil reservoir containing medium heavy crude oil and employing a reservoir flow rate of 0.26 m/day. The solution viscosity could be increased to 30 mPa s by adding about 1000 pg/rril (0.1%) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer (at pH 8.5). The interfacial tension could be reduced to 0.1 mN/m by adding 1% sodium carbonate, which reacts with the crude oil to produce natural surfactant. The interfacial tension could be further reduced to 0.03 mN/m by adding 0.1% ethoxylated alcohol sulfate cosurfactant. 

An overall comparison of the results of tests using brine indicates that ethoxylated alcohols and ethoxylated alcohol sulfates were superior for mobility control in enhanced oil recovery. It was found that the optimum hydrophobe for ethoxylated alcohol is a mixture with an average chain length of about 13 carbon atoms. The degree of ethoxylation is also important. It was found that 6 ethoxy late groups is close to the optimum. The formation of the sulfate ester tended to lessen the effect of chain length and reduce the optimum number of ethoxylate groups to 5. 

Field Application. The micellar-polymer process for enhanced oil recovery has been used in many field trials. Petroleum sulfonates are the most commonly used surfactant 41, 42). Other surfactants have been used, such as ethoxylated alcohol sulfates 43) and nonionic surfactants mixed with petroleum sulfonates 44). 

S, an ethoxylated alcohol sulfate. The addition of the synthetic surfactant greatly reduces the minimum IFT value obtained. 

Anionic surfactant Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, soap 0-35... 

Alipal . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Ethoxylated alcohol sulfate salt detergent emulsifier, stabilizer, lime-soap dispersant wetting agent foamer dishwashing formulations, scrub soaps, car washes, rug and hair shampoos, emulsion polymerization, concrete, petrol, waxes, textile wet processing, cosmetics, pesticides. 

The optimum surfactant formulation for a microemulsion system is dependent on many variables (i.e., pH, salinity, temperature, etc.). References [17,49] list some of the components in a typical formulation. The surfactants and co-surfactants must be available in large amounts at a reasonable cost. In addition, they should also be chemically stable, brine soluble, and compatible with the other formulation components. Common surfactants used are petroleum sulfonates and ethoxylated alcohol sulfates [50,51]. The degree of interfacial tension lowering depends on the... 

While alcohol sulfates, like sodium lauryl sulfate, are seldom used in household cleaning formulations, ethoxylated alcohol sulfates or alcohol ether sulfates are used more often. The ethoxyl-ated alcohol sulfates like sodium alkyl ethoxylated sulfate have become extensively used in many types of cleaners, often in mixtures with LAS for heavy-duty cleaners, or as the main surfactants themselves in the lighter-duty spray cleaners. They are generally somewhat milder than LAS and paraffin sulfonates, and higher foaming but somewhat less effective at grease removal. 

Solvent glycol ethers Chelator EDTA, sodium gluconate Surfactant alkyl sulfonates, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, ethoxylated alctdiols, betaines, amine... 

Surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol, alkanol amide fatty acid, carbamates, amine oxide, ethoxylated alcohols, betaines Builder carbonates, citrates (Tielator EDTA Alkalinity sodium hydroxide, alkanolamines, sodium carbonate Acid phosphoric, dicarboxylic (like glutaric), citric, sulfamic, acetic Solvent alcohols, glycol ether Disinfectant quaternary ammonium surfactants... 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

Ethoxylated alcohol, alkylphenol ethoxylated, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyethylene glycol ether Alkyl benzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkylsulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate Citrate... 

Primary Applications are for use as intermediates in surfactants, plasticizers, lubricant additives, thioesters and other specialty chemicals. Typical surfactant derivatives include alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates. EPAL fatty alcohols are also used as aluminum rolling lubricants, emollients and for other specialty applications. 

Chem. Descrip. Ethoxylated alcohol sulfates Ionic Nature Anionic... 

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