Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate

Linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS). Straight-chain anionic surfactants. Somewhat slow to biodegrade. Most common surfactants in use. 

Based on petrochemicals, linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) are the most important surfactants. First description can be found in patents from the mid-1930s [2] using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and Friedel-Crafts reactions. With the beginning of the 1950s the importance of the class of surfactants rose. The main use is in household and cleaning products. 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Feijtel, T.C.J. and Belanger, S.E. (1999) Predicted no-effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap. Environ Toxicol Chem, 18, 2653-2663. 

Cal soft F-90 Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate 90% Pi lot... 

Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) CHi(CHj),OS03Na (Jr ranges from 9 to 17) Alkyl sulfate... 

Roberts, D.W. 1989. Aquatic toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS)—A QSAR analysis. Communicaciones presentadas a las Jornadas Espanol de la Detergencia 29, 35-43. 

Lunar, L., S. Rubio, and D. Perez-Bendito. 2004. Differentiation and quantification of linear alkyl benzene-sulfonate isomers by liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry./. Chromatogr. A 1031 17-25. 

Industrial effluents Organic compounds chloro- and nitrophenols, nonionic surfactants, linear alkylated benzene sulfonates, benzene and naphthalene sulfonates, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol V. fischeri (ToxAlert 10, ToxAlert 100) There were certain correlations between the results of the chemical analyses and bioassays to a large extent, however, the composition of the samples remained unknown Distinct correlations were found between the inhibition of bioluminescence and compound content, but only in the case of nonylphenol, nonylphenol carboxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, and chlorophenols 84... 

The results are shown in Figure 27. It can be seen the all the anionics tested show significant effects of the combination with SAE on their sequestering ability. For this effect, the optimum EO mole number for each anionic is different. Since the combination of LAS with STPP gives a calcium ion sequestering ability of only 165 mg/g-detergents by this procedure, the combination of SAE with LAS(Linear Alkyl-benzene Sulfonate), AOS (4-Olefin Sulfonate), SAS(Secondary Alkane Sulfonate) or SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) would be recommended for use in heavy-duty detergents. 

Belanger SE, Bowling JW, Lee DM, LeBlanc EM, Kerr KM, McAvoy DC, Christman SC, Davidson DH. 2002. Integration of aquatic fate and ecological responses to linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in model stream ecosystems. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 52 150-171. 

Cationic surfactants are not used as the primary surfactant in laundry detergents, as this responsibility falls on the commodity surfactants such as linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl sulfates. Nevertheless, over the past 20 years there has been extensive art claiming the use of cationics to improve the performance of their anionic counterparts [67,69,70]. A combination of an alkyl phosphate (AP) and (note APE = alkyl... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons include straight chain and branched structures. Industrial solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, and the linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) are the primary sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon pollutants. Many microorganisms utilize aliphatic hydrocarbons as carbon sources. Long-chain -alkanes are utilized more slowly due to the low bioavailability that results from their extremely low solubility in water. In contrast, short-chain rc-alkanes show a higher aqueous solubility. 

Before 1965, the type of surfactant used in this country was alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS). ABS is very resistant to biodegradation and rivers were known to be covered with foam. Because of this and because of legislation passed in 1965, ABS was replaced with linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS). LAS is biodegradable. 

Alcohol sulfates are not stable in acid and are used in alkaline formulations. C12-C16 alcohol sulfates have excellent detergency, high foam, and good wetting properties. Alcohol sulfates are fully biodegradable under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and compete in performance with petrochemical-derived linear alkyl-benzene sulfonates (LABS). 

Linear alkyl benzenes (LAB) are starting compounds for making linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, which are widely used biodegradable surfactants. U.S. 5,012,021 (to UOP) describes a process for making LAB and U.S. 5,196,574 and U.S. 5,344,997 (also to UOP) give yields for several catalysts. Estimate the cost of production of the LAB and determine which catalyst is the best. 

Fig. 6 Energy summary for the production of surfactants short tail pentosides (FO APP fusel oil alcohols APP) and glucosides (Pc BuOH APG petrochemical Butanol APG) and linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS)...

W. H., "Surfactants for Producing Low Interfacial Tensions, I. Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonates," J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc., in press. 

Cal soft L-40 Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate liquid 40% Pi 1 ot... 

Cal soft L-60 Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate paste 60% Pilot... 

Cal soft LAS-99 Linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid 99% Pi lot... 

Trialkyl amines [156] and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates are good tracers of municipal effluents in the marine environment. 

As in the all-purpose cleaners, specialty cleaners generally have a combination of surfactants for most effective cleaning. These are usually combinations of anionic and nonionic surfactants. However, as was noted in the discussions above, there are times when solely nonionic surfactants are needed. Over the past 20 years, the household cleaners have gradually made more and more use of amine oxide, betaines, and more specialized nonionics. Amine oxides were always well used in hypochlorite-containing products, but are now used in other cleaners as well. However, the use of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates are still very prevalent. As stated before, the main choice of surfactant is dictated by the other chemistry in the cleaner—acid, alkaline, bleach, and quats. 

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