Fatty alcohol-ethoxylates

Dispersants (qv) have been added to the pulper to maintain stickies in a colloidal state. The small particle size reduces the problems stickies cause on the paper machine and in paper products. Among the chemicals that have been used are fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, lignosulfonates, and naphthalene sulfonates (18). 

Ethylene oxide is an important intermediate chemical not only for the production of nonionic surfactants like fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxy lates, or propylene oxide/ethylene oxide block copolymers, but also for manufacturing of anionic surfactants like alcohol ether sulfates. 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Raw wool washing Nonionics (fatty alcohol ethoxylates)... 

Synthetic fibers washing (Alkylphenol ethoxylates,) fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkane (olefine)-sulfonates, fatty alcohol (ether) sulfates, end-group-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates... 

Table 5 summarizes all possible products in a sodium sulfosuccinate monoester based on a fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Apart from the desired main product the substances listed are also present in the raw material. 

Glycols Fatty alcohol ethoxylate Fatty alcohol sulfosuccin. 

In two studies the cleansing and irritancy behavior of surfactants [106,107] were examined. An automated skin brushing method using a specific test soil and an epicutaneous irritation test on the dorsum of volunteers were applied. A sodium sulfosuccinate monoester based on a fatty alcohol ethoxylate gave very favorable results with respect to skin mildness although this concurred with low detergency. 

For formation of anticorrosive and adhesion-improving protective layers on metals the cleaned surface is treated with aqueous acidic solution containing molybdate, chromium fluoride, phosphate, acetate, and Zn ions. As dispersant a mixture of 60% alkali salt of a phosphate ester, 20% alkylpolyglucoside, and 20% fatty alcohol ethoxylate was applied. This method passivates the metal surface by formation of an anticorrosive and protective layer that improves adhesion of subsequent coatings. 

Chlorosulfonic acid, particularly with batch operation, is best suited for production of a range of products on a relatively small scale. Chlorosulfonic acid is still used for the sulfonation of fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol/ethoxylates, and related detergent raw materials with OH groups available for the attachment of an S03H group. For example, the reaction of lauryl alcohol with chlorosulfonic acid illustrates for example the chemistry involved ... 

Heavy and detergent grade alkylates Fatty alcohols Ethoxylated fatty alcohols... 

The organic feedstock suitable for surfactant production (i.e., detergent-grade alkylates, fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, a-olefins, and fatty acid methyl esters) and the S03/gas are fed concurrently. 

In cases where 2D NMR experiments are insufficient for a complete analysis of anionic surfactant mixtures, LC-NMR may provide better information. Characterisation of fatty alcohol ethoxylate (FAE) based oligomeric surfactants by on-line 2D (GCOSY, TOCSY and Homo 2DJ) stopped-flow HPLC- H NMR has been described [655,656]. The analysis of a typical mixture comprising three components (PEG and PEOs with different end-groups) is shown in Figure 7.34. In this representation, the 111 NMR frequency domain is in the... 

FAE Fatty alcohol ethoxylates IPPD Ai-Isopropyl-V -phenyl-p-... 

Trathnigg, B., Kollroser, M., Rappel, C. (2001). Liquid exclusion adsorption chromatography, a new technique for isocratic separation of nonionic surfactants. III. Two-dimensional separation of fatty alcohol ethoxylates. J. Chromatogr. A 922(1-2), 193-205. 

Nowadays these compounds are usually blended with other surfactants, including nonionic types (section 9.6). In 1990 a typical low- or non-phosphate domestic detergent contained 7% linear alkylbenzenesulphonate and 6% nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate [16]. There is increasing use of the long-chain fatty alcohol poly(oxyethylene) sulphates previously described (e.g. 9.12) as a partial or complete replacement for linear alkylbenzenesulphonates [15] since they are made from renewable feedstocks such as tallow and palm oil [16]. 

It has been claimed that complexes of P-cyclodextrin with anionic surfactants, notably higher fatty alcohol ethoxylates, improve scouring efficiency on cotton and wool in laboratory-scale processing [34]. Residual surfactants carried over from preparation can have undesirable effects in subsequent processing. When cyclodextrins complex with surfactants, their surface activity is reduced. Hence cyclodextrins are potentially useful for the removal of residual amounts of surfactants from substrates [35]. The use of a- and P-cyclodextrins has been studied in this context with one cationic, one anionic and four... 

Sulfated alkenes, 23 538 Sulfated carbohydrate products, 23 538 Sulfated cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phase, 6 87 Sulfated fatty acids, 23 538 Sulfated fatty alcohol ethoxylates, 23 537 Sulfated fatty oils, 23 538 Sulfated products... 

Steber, J., and P. Wierich. 1985. Metabolites and biodegradation pathways of fatty alcohol ethoxylates in microbial biocenoses of sewage treatment plant. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 49, 530-537. 

Dishwasher surfactants must not generate a lot of foam because that can block the pipes within the machine, as you may have discovered when, having run out of dishwasher detergent, you have simply tried using some hand washing-up liquid instead. The surfactants in dishwash products are low-foam non-ionic ones such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, especially those in which the hydrocarbon chain is 12-14 carbon atoms long. These produce almost no foam. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Castor oil ethoxylates Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide co-polymers Polyarylphenol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylate-formaldehyde condensates Non-ionic emulsifiers... 

Wettable powders Sodium di-alkyl naphthalene Sulphonates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Wetting agents... 

Perfume solubilisers/ Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Solubilisers/emulsifiers... 

Dishwashing liquids Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alcohol ether sulphates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Detergency/foaming... 

Machine dishwashing Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Low foam wetters in soil... 

Powders, tablets, rinse End-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates conditions/defoamers/... 

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