Sulfonates a-olefin

In addition, and 2(S-is CC-olefins can be directly sulfonated to produce a-olefin sulfonate (AOS). AOS was formerly used as an efficient,... 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Only the a-olefins are sulfonated commercially to make a-olefinsulfonate (AOS). The chemistry of a-olefin sulfonation is usually described in terms of three stages. The initial sulfonation reaction involves the formation of 3-sul-tones. This initial step is so fast as to be almost instant. Reaction of the initially formed B-sultones with more S03 is competitive with sulfonation of the olefin. This side reaction produces a byproduct believed to be a cyclic pyro-sulfonate ester, i.e., a pyrosultone ... 

Because of disulfonation and oxidation reactions, an excess of S03 must be used. Operating conditions for a-olefin sulfonation are as follows ... 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

C12 to Ci5 alcohols and a-olefin sulfonate are highly effective with steam foaming agents or carbon dioxide foaming agents in reducing the permeability of flood-swept zones [1372]. 

A munber of organic compounds are suitable for use as tracers in a process for monitoring the flow of subterranean fluids. The following traces have been proposed benzene tetracarboxylic acid, methylbenzoic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, naphthalene-trisulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, alkyl toluene sulfonic acid, alkyl xylene sulfonic acid, a-olefin sulfonic acid, salts of the foregoing acids, naphthalenediol, aniline, substituted aniline, pyridine, substituted pyridines [883]. 

In addition to the normal additives, foam-fluid formulations contain surfactants, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as essential components. Cocobetaine and a-olefin sulfonate have been proposed as foamers [1386]. 

Comparison of the proposed dynamic stability theory for the critical capillary pressure shows acceptable agreement to experimental data on 100-/im permeability sandpacks at reservoir rates and with a commercial a-olefin sulfonate surfactant. The importance of the conjoining/disjoining pressure isotherm and its implications on surfactant formulation (i.e., chemical structure, concentration, and physical properties) is discussed in terms of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory of classic colloid science. 

Figure 10 reports as dark circles the critical-capillary-pressure measurements of Khatib, Hirasaki and Falls (5) for foam stabilized by an a-olefin sulfonate of 16 to 18 carbon number... 

Olefins plant separation train, 20 776 Olefins reduction, in gasoline, 11 689 a-Olefin sulfonate (AOS), 17 725-726 ... 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) a-Olefin sulfonates (AOSs)... 

ABS AE AE/P AES AG AOS APEO APG AS BiAS BM c6(EO)3 CNPEC CTAS D DATS DCPEG DEEDMAC branched alkylbenzene sulfonate alcohol ethoxylate alcohol ethoxylate/propoxylate alkylether sulfate alkyl glucamide a-olefin sulfonate alkylphenol ethoxylate alkyl polyglucoside alkyl sulfate bismuth active substances alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium triethylene glycol monohexyl ether carboxylated nonylphenoxy carboxylates cobalt thiocyanate active substances R2S10(o.5)2 dialkyl tetralinsulfonate dicarboxylated PEG ditallow ester of di(hydroxyethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride... 

Figure 9. Proposed allowed equilibrium conformational states for poly (a-olefin sulfones) in solution. Note that the sulfone dipoles cancel and that during the transitions ttt g tg g tg there is no net reorientation of these dipoles (dielectrically inactive motions), but there is a reorientation of backbone C-H vectors (C-13 NMR active motions).

In the case of the rather porous and flexible structure of sodium caseinate nanoparticles, the data show that the interaction with surfactants causes a tendency towards the shrinkage of the aggregates, most likely due to the enhanced cross-linking in their interior as a result of the protein-surfactant interaction. This appears most pronounced for the case of the anionic surfactants (CITREM and SSL) interacting with the sodium caseinate nanoparticles. Consistent with this same line of interpretation, a surfactant-induced contraction of gelatin molecules of almost 30% has been demonstrated as a result of interaction with the anionic surfactant a-olefin sulfonate (Abed and Bohidar, 2004). 

Alpha Olefin Sulfonates. The direct reaction of alpha-olefins with a strong sulfonating agent yields a mixture of alkane sulfonates, hydroxy-lalkane sulfonates, and disulfonated products. These are known commercially as a-olefin sulfonates (AOS). AOS manufacture is generally more complex than ABS because the initial reaction product is a mixture of sultones as shown in Fig. 36.33. 

In the following section we present results of our foam-enhanced oil recovery experiments in Berea Sandstone cores to assess the performance of the three a-olefin sulfonates discussed above. 

The Incorporation of a weak link In the main chain of a olefin sulfone copolymer such as poly - 1 -butene sulfone Is a recent example of po mers with high G value and high sensitivity 10 coul/sq. cm. 

U.S. 4,259,216 (1981) Miyajima et al. (Lion) a-Olefin sulfonate, alkylethoxy sulfate, and alkyl amine oxide with aryl sulfonate No hand roughening and good for vegetables... 

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